Explain how kidney nephrons work to excrete nitrogenous wastes and yet retain water, be sure to...

Explain how kidney nephrons work to excrete nitrogenous wastes and yet retain water, be sure to label and discuss how the following are involved in this process: Bowman’s capsule (glomerulus), salts, loop of Henle, counter current exchange, and capillaries. Then, explain how compounds like alcohol and caffeine are involved in excess urine production.

Expert Solution

Answer. Ultra filtration :- In this process filtration of blood is carried out by glomerulus.on an average 1200 - 1300 ml of blood filtered by kidney per minute.this process held due to high process.GHP,BCOP,CHP these process require for ultra filteration.(GHP - glomerular Hydrostatic pressure) ( BCOP - blood colloidal osmotic pressure) ( CHP - capsular hydrostatic pressure).NFP ( net filtration pressure )or NEFP ( net effective filtration presssure) is 10mm of hg (range = 10 - 25 mm of hg) at this pressure ultra filtration is continue.

Glomerular filtrate contains large amount of water,other dissolve substances like glucose,amini acid,vitamins,urea,uric acid ,creatinine,Na+,K+,Cl-,HCO3- etc

Thus, 10mm of hg NFP cause a normal amount of blood plasma to filter from glomerulus into bowman's capsule.

Reabsorption :- In this process reabsorption of selected materials takes place from filtrate into blood.

PCT (proximal convulated tubule) - max. Absorption in this part of nephron ( 70 - 80 %).all essential nutrients, nitrogenous waste like urea.

Loop of Henle - Descending part permeable for water and impermeable for electrolytes. Ascending part permeable for electrolyts and impermeable for water.

DCT ( distal convulatee tubule ) active reabsorption of Na+,Cl- and water.

Collecting duct - water,urea and Cl- reabsorb in this partbof nephron.

Tubular secretion :- it probably play a minor role in the function of human kedney but in lower vertebrates play important role.

Counter current mechanism or mechanism of conc. Of the filtrate :- this process for make urine concentrated ( hypertonic).

The loop of henle and vasa recta play important role to produce concentrated urine.

Juxta medullary type nephron takes part in this process.

gladiator answered 1 year ago

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