Question

Using the article by Etcoff and colleagues Etcoff2011PlosOne.PDF Please answer the following questions: 1. What are the IVs and DVs in each study? 2. Is the IV between groups or within groups? What is the design? 3. How were the two studies different? 4. How many faces did each participant see? 5. Sketch a graph of the results of the 250 milliseconds study. 6. Interrogate the four big validities, based on the information you have in the article. 7. Based on this experiment, can we make the causal statement, "Makeup makes women appear more competent?"

Answer 1

1. IV - Cosmetics

DVs - Attractiveness, glamour, professionalism, boldness, confidence, competence, likeability.

2. Study 1 - 33 British women as models and study 2 - 45 super models. The design was to test the effect of cosmetic variation on the same face among people, especially men. The basic hypothesis was that applying cosmetics makes women more appealing.

3. The two studies were different in one particular way that in the first study the models were normal women who acted as models but in the second study all were already supermodels.

4. Each participant was asked to rate all the models only once either with or without cosmetics but the images were shown randomly.

5. Validity

a) Construct validity - The test was designed to test the hypothesis 'use of cosmetic on the face changes the perception of the onlooker' and it was achieved.

B) Content validity - This experiment tested nearly 78 models which is an appreciable number for this kind of testing.

C) Cocurrent validity - It is also established as the test was done twice but the content and context were same. One difference was the models were from two different walks of life.

D) Prediction Validity - It is true with this test because human view on Attractiveness remained almost same for long period of time. The result of first test was expected in the second test and it happened. It is also established that even in real life it is same because cosmetics has a high impact on people's perception.

6. Makeup definitely brings some attraction on the wearer and the one who wears makeup tries to attract others. When they get that attraction, it increases the competitiveness but just because someone wears makeup might not make them competitive.

P. S. There are four graph images.