Question

what question can I ask my genetics class about immunogenetics.

multiple choice questions with elaborate answers.

2 examples please

Answer 1

1. What is the effective treatment for the autoinmmune disease multiple sclerosis?

Multiple sclerosis - MS is the most common autoimmune disorder of the central nervous system. The insulating covers of nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord are damaged Iand it’s considered an autoimmune disease in which the body's immune system attacks its own tissues. This damage disrupts the ability of parts of the nervous system to transmit signals

Signs and symptoms

Early signs and early symptoms of multiple sclerosis usually begin between the ages of 20 and 40 years old MS may begin in childhood, but it occurs less frequently in these age groups .Vision problems, tingling and numbness, balance problems or dizziness, sexual dysfunction

Genetic variations

MS is not considered a hereditary disease but a number of genetic variations have been shown to increase the risk. Specific genes that have been linked with MS include differences in the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) system—a group of genes on chromosome 6 that serves as the major histocompatibility complex (MHC).

As of 2010, the number of people with MS was 2–2.5 million globally, with rates varying widely in different regions. It is estimated to have resulted in 18,000 deaths that year.

Treatment:

As of 2020, multiple disease-modifying medications are approved by regulatory agencies for relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS). They are interferon beta-1a, interferon beta-1b, glatiramer acetate, mitoxantrone, etc and still the research is going for effective treatment of MS.

There is ongoing research looking for more effective, convenient, and tolerable treatments forMS relapsing-remitting .MS research strategy is to evaluate the combined effectiveness of two or more drugs .To predict prognosis several promising approaches have been proposed including: interleukin-6, nitric oxide and nitric oxide synthase, Neuroimaging techniques such as positron emission tomography (PET) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) carry a promise for better diagnosis and prognosis predictions.

2.What is Role of CCR5 protein in HIV?

They are chemokine receptor type 5, also known as CCR5 is a protein on the surface of white blood cells that is involved in the immune system as it acts as a receptor for chemokines. In humans, the CCR5 gene that encodes the CCR5 protein is located on the short (p) arm at position 21 on chromosome3 .HIV-1 most commonly uses the chemokine receptors CCR5 or CXCR4 as co-receptors to enter target immunological cells. CCR5 Δ32 do not express functional CCR5 receptors on their cell surfaces and are resistant to HIV-1 infection.

32-bp deletion in the host-cell chemokine receptor CCR5, CCR5Δ32allele is formed. Individuals homozygous for CCR5Δ32 are protected against HIV infection whereas those heterozygous for CCR5Δ32 have lower pre-AIDS viral loads and delayed progression to AIDS. CCR5Δ32 may limit HIV spread by decreasing the probability of both risk of infection and infectiousness and recent research is ongoing to treat respiratory disorders.