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Full presentation about Genom editing ( molecular cell biology ) ( for power point if it...

Full presentation about Genom editing ( molecular cell biology )
( for power point if it possibal)

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introduction -Genome editing is a group of technologies that gives scientists the  ability to change an organism's DNA .It is a tyoe of genetic engineering in which DNA is inserted,modified ,deleted or replace in the genome of an living organism which targets the insertion to site specific location.It is performed using enzymes ,particularly nucleases that have been engineered to target specific DNA sequence ,where they introduce cuts into the DNA strands ,enabling the removal of existing DNA and insertion of replacement DNA.

Types of Genome editing :-

1) Restriction Enzyme:- Restriction enzyme recognize specific patterns of nucleotide sequences and cut at the site ,presenting an opportunityto insert new DNA material at that location Restriction enzyme play key role in DNA mapping ,epigenome mapping and constructing DNA libraries .Restriction enzyme is not commonly used ,since that are limited by the nuclear pattern they recognize.

2)Zinc Finger Nuclease :- Zinc Finger nuclease are composed of two parts :- an engineered nuclease (Fokl) fused to zince finger DNA - binding domains .The zince finger DNA- binding domain recognizes 3-base pair site on DNA and can be combined to recognize longer sequences.Additionally zinc finger nuclease functions as dimers,increasing the length of the DNA recognition site and consequently increasing specificity Scientist used zinc finger nuclease to disable CCR5on human T-cells , major receptor for HIV.It is also used to edit tumor infiltrating lymphocytes as a treatment stratergy for metastatic melanoma.

3) TALEN Gene editing :- Transcription activator like effector nuclease (TALEN) use the Fokl nuclease to cut the DNA and require dimerization to function .TALEN use transcription like effectors (TALEs) ,tandem arrays of 33-35 amino acid repeats .The amino acid repeat posses single nucleotide recognition ,thereby increasing targeting capabilities .Scientist used TALENs to correct COL741 dysfunction in epidermolysis bullosa ,a disease characterized by loss of skin integrity leading to skin blisters and risk for skin cancer .

4) CRISPR-Cas9 Gene editing :-CRISPR stands for clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats.It is a two component system consisting of guide RNA and a Cas9 nuclease .The Cas9 cuts the DNA region defined by the guided RNA.CRISPR is much more customizable and cost effective ,making it more accessible to the scientists .It was orginally discovered in bacteria that use this system to destroy invading virus .

Working of genome editing:- Genome editing relies on the concept of DNA Double Straneded Break(DSB) repair mechanics . these are two major pathways that repair DSB;non homologous end joining (NEHJ) and homologos direct repair (HDR).NHEJ uses a variety of enzyme to directly join the DNA ends while the more accurate HDR uses a homologous sequence asa template for regeneration of missing DNA sequence at the break point . It uses  as a type of enzyme called an 'engineered nuclease' which cuts the genome in specific place .Engineered nuclease are of two parts:- A nuclease part that cuts the DNA and A DNA targeting part that is designed to guidethe nuclease to a specific sequence of DNA .After cutting the DNA in a specific place ,the cell will naturally repair the cut .We can manipilate this repair process to make edit to the DNA in that location in the genome .

Application :- Acommon delivery method for CRISPR/Cas9 in plants is Agrobacterium -based transformation .T-DNA is introduced directly in the plant genome by a T4SS mechanism.Cas9 and gRNA based expression cassettes are turned into Ti plasmids ,which are transformed in Agrobacterium for plant application .

Uses-There are various uses of genome editing .It can be use to edit the genome of any organism .

a)For research:- Genome editing can be used to change the DNA in cells or organisms to understand the biology and how they work.

b)To treat disease:- Genome editing has been used to modify human blood cells that are then put back into the body to treat conditions like leukemia ,AIDS.It could also potentially be used to treat other infections such as MRSA aand simple genetic conditions like muscular dystrophy and haemophilia .

c) For biotechnology:-Genome editing has been used in agriculture to geneticlly modify crops to improve yields and resistance to disease and drought as well as to genetically modify cattle that don't have horns .


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