Question

What is a molecule? What makes a molecule organic?

· What are the 4 classes of macromolecules?

· What are carbohydrates? What is the difference between monosaccharide vs. disaccharide vs. polysaccharide? Overall structure (what elements?); Function(s) in body?

· What are lipids? What are the 3 types of lipids? What makes a lipid saturated vs. unsaturated? lipids function(s) in the body?

· What are the proteins? What are amino acids? What are the 4 levels of protein structure? Proteins Function(s) in body?

· What are nucleic acids/nucleotides? Overall structure (what are the 3 subunits of nucleotides?) What types of nucleic acids are there? Function(s) in body?

· What are cells?

· What is the cell theory? What is endosymbiosis theory?

· How do prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells differ? How are they similar?

· What structures are found in prokaryotic cells? What structures are found in eukaryotic cells?

· What are organelles and what do they do? nucleus, chloroplast, mitochondria, ribosome, endoplasmic reticulum, cytoplasm, cytoskeleton, Golgi, lysosome, vacuole, plasma membrane

· How do plant and animal cells differ? How are they similar?

· Describe the components/structure of a cell membrane.

· How do molecules move across cell membranes? What is diffusion, osmosis, active transport, passive transport, bulk transport, and tonicity?

· What is energy? Types of energy?

· What are enzymes?

· What are electron carriers? Which one do plants have? Animals?

· What is ATP? What role does it play in our bodies?

· What is photosynthesis? Overall process--two stages Where does it occur? o What is the main pigment of photosynthesis? What does it do? Why are plants green?

· What is cellular respiration? cellular respiration Overall process—3 stages? Where does it occur?

· What is fermentation? What kinds of fermentation are there?

· What does Aerobic vs. anaerobic mean?

Answer 1

• Molecule is a smallest unit of a pure substance which is made of two or more atoms that are bounded by means of chemical bonds that retain definite chemical composition and properties.
• Presence of carbon in the molecule ( essentially carbon hydrogen bonds) makes the molecule organic & the bond present in organic molecule is mostly covalent bond.
• The four classes of macromolecules are.

• Carbohydrate

• Lipid

• Protein

• Nucleic acid

• Carbohydrate is an organic molecule which is constituted by hydrogen, carbon hydrogen, oxygen atoms having empirical formula (CH2O)n. It is the functional group of aldehyde.

1. • Monosaccharides are single sugar molecules which act as monomer for die and polysaccharide whereas disaccharides are composed of two units of monosaccharides and polysaccharide is composed of many monosaccharides.
2. • Both mono and disaccharides are water soluble while polysaccharides does not dissolve in water.
3. • Monosaccharides have linear and unbalanced structure disaccharides may have unbranched or branched structures and polysaccharides branched structure.
4. • Monosaccharides are reducing sugars unlike disaccharides which may be reducing or non reducing and polysaccharides are non reducing sugars.
5. • Both mono and disaccharides tests sweet unlike polysaccharide.