Question

The question is: How is grain boundary surface tension measured?

While answering, please explain 'why's and 'how's.

And give me some journals, books, and other reliable source recommendation for further information.

Answer 1

There are many techniques using which we can estimate the surface tension at grain boundaries for solids or solid interfaces such as Zero Creep method, Thermal Grooving method, empiric correlation method etc.

Each methods based on different principle and different method. Some method uses comparison of solid interfaces at grain boundaries.

As Zero Creep method used load point (P0), where strain of sample is zero. At this point the load is equal to the surface tension force. In this methodm, we find first load point P0 and then stress at this load point called Zero Creep Stress

The Load point can be determined by the interpolation method.

Now surface tension can be found with the formula

here, h is the thicknes of the specimen, a is the average size of the gain and is the dihedral angle.