Question

1-Elaborate on the challenges in the overcoming/controlling of Inflation.

2-making it in citation form and include References

####one to two pages

Answer 1

Contractionary Monetary Policy

One popular method of controlling inflation is through a contractionary monetary policy. The goal of a contractionary policy is to reduce the money supply within an economy by decreasing bond prices and increasing interest rates. This helps reduce spending because when there is less money to go around: those who have money want to keep it and save it, instead of spending it. It also means there is less available credit, which can reduce spending. Reducing spending is important during inflation because it helps halt economic growth and, in turn, the rate of inflation.

There are three main tools to carry out a contractionary policy. The first is to increase interest rates through the central bank. In the case of the U.S., that's the Federal Reserve. The Fed Funds Rate is the rate at which banks borrow money from the government, but in order to make money, they must lend it at higher rates.

When the Federal Reserve increases its interest rate, banks then have no choice but to increase their rates as well. When banks increase their rates, fewer people want to borrow money because it costs more to do so while that money accrues at a higher interest. So spending drops, prices drop and inflation slows.

Reserve Requirements

The second tool is to increase reserve requirements on the amount of money banks are legally required to keep on hand to cover withdrawals.2 The more money banks are required to hold back, the less they have to lend to consumers. If they have less to lend, consumers will borrow less, which will decrease spending.

Reducing the Money Supply

The third method is to directly or indirectly reduce the money supply by enacting policies that encourage the reduction of the money supply. Two examples of this include calling in debts that are owed to the government and increasing the interest paid on bonds so that more investors will buy them.

The latter policy raises the exchange rate of the currency due to higher demand and, in turn, increases imports and decreases exports. Both of these policies will reduce the amount of money in circulation because the money will be going from banks, companies and investors' pockets and into the government’s pocket where it can control what happens to it.

Monetary policy can have some limitations

• It is difficult to deal with cost-push inflation (inflation and low growth at the same time)
• There are time lags. It can take up to 18 months for higher interest rates to have an effect on reducing demand. (e.g. people with fixed-rate mortgage)
• It depends on confidence. If confidence is high, business and consumers may continue to spend – despite higher interest rates.

Reference

https://www.economicshelp.org/blog/42/inflation/economic-policies-to-reduce-inflation/

https://customsnews.vn/there-are-still-many-challenges-and-difficulties-in-controlling-inflation-10443.html

https://www.investopedia.com/ask/answers/111314/what-methods-can-government-use-control-inflation.asp