Question

In: Chemistry

Summarize structural difference between hyaluronate, proteoglycans, peptideoglycans, chondroitin sulfate, and heparin

Expert Solution

1. Hyaluronate:

Hyaluronate is unique among the glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) because it does not contain any sulfate. The 1st carbon of glucoronic acid is connected with 3rd carbon of N-Acetyl glucosamine by an oxygen atom.

2. Chondroitin sulfate:

It contains sulfate group at the 4th carbon atom of N-Acetyl-D-galactosamine. The 1st carbon of D-glucoronic acid is connected with 3rd carbon of N-Acetyl-D-glucosamine by an oxygen atom.

3.Heparin:

It also contains sulfate groups. First carbon atom of D-Glucuronate 2-sulfate is connected with the 4th carbon atom of

N-sulfoglucosamine 6-sulfate.

Fig 3. Heparin

4. Proteoglycans:

The linkage of GAGs to the protein core involves a trisaccharide linker. This linker consists of Glucuronic acid, Galactose, and Xylose.

Fig4. Proteoglycans

5. Peptidoglycans:

It is made of two joined amino sugars, N-acetylglucosamine (NAG) and N-acetylmuramic acid (NAM). A pentapeptide is connected with the NAM. The pentapeptide consists of the amino acids L-alanine, D-glutamine, L-lysine, and two D-alanines.

Fig6.5. Peptidoglycans:

queen_honey_blossom answered 2 years ago

What is the difference between Structural unemployment and Frictional Unemployment What is the difference between fiscal...

What is the difference between Structural unemployment and Frictional Unemployment What is the difference between fiscal policy and monetary policy? List the three components of M1 What is Open Market Operation

What is the structural and functional difference between polysaccharides and glycosaminoglycans

Describe the structural difference between protein hormones and steroid hormones.

(a) Glypican is a heparin sulfate proteoglycan attached to the plasma membrane by a GPI anchor....

(a) Glypican is a heparin sulfate proteoglycan attached to the plasma membrane by a GPI anchor. Nevertheless, glypicans are actively involved in several transmembrane signaling processes. Describe a hypothetical mechanism by which glypican could direct transmembrane signaling. (b) Briefly, propose a general strategy for experimentally testing your proposed mechanism in part a.

What is the main structural difference between an alcohol or phenol and an ether and how...

What is the main structural difference between an alcohol or phenol and an ether and how does this affect reactivity of an ether?

Glypican is a heparin sulfate proteoglycan attached to the plasma membrane by a GPI anchor. Anyway,...

Glypican is a heparin sulfate proteoglycan attached to the plasma membrane by a GPI anchor. Anyway, glypicans are actively involved in several transmembrane signaling processes. Describe a hypothetical mechanism by which glypican could direct transmembrane signaling

How is the binding of HPRG to heparin dependent on pH? Give structural reasons for the...

How is the binding of HPRG to heparin dependent on pH? Give structural reasons for the binding dependence. The structure of heparin is shown in Figure 2.2. NOTE: Figure 2.1 also serves as a titration curve for the His residues in HPRG–what is the pKR for these residues? Explain.

Structures of Alkanes: what is the difference between structural (or constitutional) isomers and stereoisomers? How to...

Structures of Alkanes: what is the difference between structural (or constitutional) isomers and stereoisomers? How to depict a molecule using wedges and dashes? How to write a condensed formula? How to draw isomers? Explain predicting melting and boiling point comparisons based on isomer shape?

Explain the difference between cyclical, frictional, and structural unemployment and how they relate to the natural...

Explain the difference between cyclical, frictional, and structural unemployment and how they relate to the natural rate of unemployment. Our current inflation rate in the United States is 1.8%. Explain as clearly as possible what that number means, how it is calculated, and how it compares to our goal for inflation. Explain why economists use models and what the AD/AS model helps us understand. How are the Keynesian and neoclassical perspectives on the economy different, and how is it possible...

What is the difference between the structural stagnation view of growth trend and the conventional view?...

What is the difference between the structural stagnation view of growth trend and the conventional view? What are the two measures of money? What are the primary components of each? How would you explain Monetary Policy to your 1st year Congressperson?