Question

Which types of interatomic and intermolecular forces dominate the assembly of metals, ceramics, and polymers? How do these interatomic and intermolecular forces manifest at the macroscale (i.e. the mechanical properties of these classes of materials)?

Answer 1

ANSWER

Electrostatic forces of attraction are the forces that dominate the assembly of metals.

In case of Polymers either Dipole-Dipole interaction or Hydrogen Bonding may be responsible for the assembly of polymers.

The primary difference between ceramics and other materials is the chemical bonds that hold these materials together. Although they may have/ possess covalent bonds, such as the SiOSi linkages in glass, these are often characterized by ionic bonds between positive and negative ions. When they form crystals, the strong force of attraction between ions of opposite charge in the planes of ions make it difficult for one plane to slip past another. Ceramics are therefore brittle. They resist compression, but these are much weaker to stress applied in the form of bending.

On a macroscale they act as a whole to form strong materials which can resist stress and strain as compared to other materials. They may also posses high tensile strength which makes them widely useful for many purposes like Construction materials to home furnishing materials ehre their use is a lot for being more durable.