Question

A vehicle has a faulty muffler that creates a large amount of noise pollution. The noise pollution from the vehicle imposes a cost on many members of the public. The vehicle owner does not pay for the cost of the noise. This is an example of a(n):

Answer 1

The word noise is derived from a Latin word ‘Nausea’ which means sickness in which one feels to vomit. Noise is the unpleasant and undesirable sound which leads to discomfort to human beings. The intensity of sound is measured in decibels (dB). The faintest sound which can be heard by the Human ear is 1 Db. Due to increasing noise around the civilizations; noise pollution has become a matter of concern. Some of its major causes are vehicles, aircraft, industrial machines, loudspeakers, crackers, etc. Some other appliances also contribute to noise pollution like television, transistor, radio, etc. when used at high volume.

A muffler"s main purpose is to muffle or silence the noise, especially during acceleration. The other reason being to “maximise” engine power, eg “back pressure” to ensure torque. An exhaust system without any mufflers being ‘too loose’ (usually 2 mufflers) will have power decrease & higher fuel consumption and worst of all, ear deafening!!!, hence “all noise but no go’. Stock & after market exhaust system come with mufflers, together with correctly calculated length & bore.

Quite unimportant actually. The sole purpose of the muffler is to quiet the noise from a car's engine. Now, sometimes the muffler can get confused with the catalytic converter. The cat works to convert environmentally harmful gases to less detrimental substances, and is usually required to pass emissions tests.

To reduce the noise from the engine exhaust port on a piston engine to a tolerable level. The unmuffled sound intensity is probably enough to cause occupational deafness, and besides, you can't hear other noises like tappet noise or chain noise you probably want to keep track of, and it annoys people.
The muffler also includes a spark arrestor, so you don't set fire o the countryside as you ride through it, and in 2-stroke engines is an acoustically-tuned pipe which helps scavenge exhaust gases from the cylinder. The most noise pollution from cars, or roadway noise, comes from tires on the pavement. The faster the car travels, the more roadway noise it produces. Because electric cars still have tires on the road surface, they still contribute the same noise pollution factors as all of the other cars. Braking sounds are also a large factor in roadway noise.

According to the World Health Organisation (WHO), noise is second only to air pollution in the impact it has on health. It is a major cause, not only of hearing loss, but also of heart disease, learning problems in children and sleep disturbance. Yet traffic noise could easily be halved, with existing technology, if more stringent limits were adopted.The Government of India framed and published Noise Pollution Control and Regulation Rules, 1999. On 11.10.2002 the Government of India brought in an amendment in the Rules. The amendment empowered the State Government to permit the use of loudspeaker or public address system during night hours (between 10 pm and 12 pm) on or during the cultural or religious occasions for a limited period not exceeding 15 days. Vires of this amendment were put in issue by the appellant submitting that the provision is not accompanied by any guidelines and is capable of being misused to such an extent that the whole purpose behind enacting the Rules itself may be defeated. The High Court of Kerala found the petition devoid of any merit and directed the petition to be dismissed. Feeling aggrieved, this petition has been filed by special leave.

In the modern days noise has become one of the major pollutants and it has serious effects on human health. Effects of noise depend upon sound's pitch, its frequency and time pattern and length of exposure. Noise has both auditory and non-auditory effects depending upon the intensity and the duration of the noise level. It affects sleep, hearing, communication, mental and physical health. It may even lead to the madness of people. However, noises, which are melodious, whether natural or man-made, cannot always be considered as factors leading to pollution. Noise can disturb our work, rest, sleep, and communication. It can damage our hearing and evoke other psychological, and possibly pathological reactions. However, because of complexity, variability and the interaction of noise with other environmental factors, the adverse health effects of noise do not lend themselves to a straightforward analysis.

This is the example of Noise pollution.