The orbital angular momentum is a 3D vector. For an electron at
a state associated with quantum numbers (?, ?, ??), the magnitude
of the orbital angular momentum is √?(? + 1) ℏ. The orbital angular
momentum measured along the z axis, however, will be exactly ??ℏ.
For a real orbital that combines two complex orbitals associated
with two different ?? values, a measurement along the z axis will
result in either of the two ?? values with an equal...