Question 1: Opioids have been used as our first line defence against pain for many years....

Question 1: Opioids have been used as our first line defence against pain for many years. In class, we discussed the need for opiods in society but also the potential dangers associated with these powerful drugs. Explain how opioids can be used to treat pain. What are the mechanisms at play? What locations in the CNS are most important in the context of pain? Explain why opioids can be used to self-medicate for psychological/emotional pain as well as physical pain. Are opioid pain killers addictive? If so, how? What structures and transmitters are involved? Provide at least 2 pieces of evidence to substantiate your answer.

Question 2: What is tolerance? List and explain all the different ways tolerance can occur that we discussed in class. Using amphetamines, opioids and nicotine as your examples describe how tolerance occurs and specifically which effects (behavioural/physiologicl) display tolerance.

Question 3: Explain why cannabis can be considered anxiolytic. Describe two different systems that contribute to the anxiolytic effects of cannabis. Be specific. What chemicals, systems, receptors and neurotransmitters/transmitters are involved in both systems? Provide one piece of evidence discussed in class that suggests the endocannabinoid system reduces anxiety.

Solutions

Expert Solution

1)Opioid can be used for pain management as it contains chemicals that relax the body and can relieve pain. It is used to treat acute pain from moderate to severe pain. Opioids like morphine, act as an analgesia by acting on neuronal cell membras. The presynaptic action of these to inhibit neurotransmitter release is the major effect in the nervous system. The sympathetic nervous system stimulates brain stem cells that control descending pain mechanism to release endogenous opioid into the dorsal horn. Different areas of the CNS like spinal cord and brain stem involved in pain.

2)Tolerance is a diminished response to a drug by the person, resulted by the recurrent use of certain drugs and the body adapts to the continued presence of the drug.

Psychological is when more of a drug is required to feel the mental reward of the drug.

Behavioural tolerance occurs with the use of psychoactive drugs like increased motor activity by repeated use of certain drugs.

Nightingale answered 1 year ago

Next > < Previous

Related Solutions

1. A woman who has a history of chronic back pain and has been using opioids...

1. A woman who has a history of chronic back pain and has been using opioids for over 10 years, has been admitted with a stroke. Unable to understand what is said to her (receptive aphasia) or reply (expressive aphasia), the woman can not tell the nurse if or when she is having pain. The patient can use her non-dominant hand. The doctor orders a PCA (patient-controlled-analgesic) pump. The family keeps pushing the button to dispense pain medication. Is this...

FACTS: Bret and Samantha Woodley have been our clients for many years. We have recently concluded...

FACTS: Bret and Samantha Woodley have been our clients for many years. We have recently concluded an IRS audit of their 2017 income tax returns and the result was an increase in taxable income of $43,750. In our opinion the IRS auditors have ignored the facts in this case and have incorrectly applied the internal revenue code in their conclusions. ISSUE: Bret and Samantha Woodley are very upset and worried that they can not afford to pay the increased tax...

Forwards, futures and options have been used by financial institutions for many years to hedge risk...

Forwards, futures and options have been used by financial institutions for many years to hedge risk before swaps were invented. If a financial institution already had these hedging instruments, then why they need swaps? In your answer please include a discussion of the differences and similarities of: forwards, futures, options and swaps.

Question 2 Ann, Bea and Cal have been in partnership for many years preparing accounts to...

Question 2 Ann, Bea and Cal have been in partnership for many years preparing accounts to 30 September each year. The partnership agreement is that Bea receives £15,000 per annum salary and the balance of profits is shared equally between the three partners. During the year ended 30 September 2019 the partnership made trading profits of £180,000. Ann wants to claim rollover relief in respect of the office that she owns but the partners trade from. Calculate the trading...

Question 2 Many development plans have been implemented in Ghana since the first development plan was...

Question 2 Many development plans have been implemented in Ghana since the first development plan was launched by Sir Gordon Guggisberg in 1919. Most recently, Ghana launched a 40-year development plan by the Mahama- led administration and also a 7 – year development plan was launched by the Akuffo Addo-led administration. Most of these development plans have however failed to live up to their billing. Required: a. Discuss five major reasons why development plans have performed poorly over the post-independence...

Our company has been a very profitable company for many years. Currently, they are considering investing...

Our company has been a very profitable company for many years. Currently, they are considering investing in a new project that will last three years. The project will require an immediate capital expenditure of $900,000 which will be fully expended this year as is now allowable under the new tax law. Our company estimates that the revenues from this project will be $500,000 during the first year and that the revenues will grow at a rate of 10% per year....

QUESTION 1 According to Mill's account, pleasure and pain are our prime motivators. a. True b....

QUESTION 1 According to Mill's account, pleasure and pain are our prime motivators. a. True b. False QUESTION 2 According to Mill's ethical theory, the maximization of pleasure or happiness is the moral end so Mill is properly described as a "crude hedonist." a.True b.False QUESTION 3 Mill claims that it is better to be a human being dissatisfied than a pig satisfied. a. True b. False QUESTION 4 Mill's primary purpose for writing Utilitarianism was to reject Bentham's theory...

Intoxication has been used as a defense for many years. There is voluntary intoxication and involuntary...

Intoxication has been used as a defense for many years. There is voluntary intoxication and involuntary intoxication. Please explain each and what value they might have to the defendant?

Question 1: There have been many studies that suggest global climate change is affecting the population...

Question 1: There have been many studies that suggest global climate change is affecting the population of polar bears. One measure of the health of a polar bear population is weight, and the mean weight for a male polar bear is approximately 900 pounds with population deviation 78 pounds. A recent study suggests that the polar bears in the Chukchi Sea are doing very well despite changes in the climate. A random sample of 14 male polar bears from the...

We have had Paige & Gentry as our auditors for many years, haven’t we, Jane? They...

We have had Paige & Gentry as our auditors for many years, haven’t we, Jane? They have been here since I became president two years ago.” “Yes, Bob, I have been the Chief Financial Officer for seven years, and they were here before I came. Why do you ask?” “Well, they were really tough on us during the recent discussions when we were finalizing our year-end audited statements—not at all like I was used to at my last company. When...

Subjects