Question

10. Briefly describe:

a. Anaerobic glycolysis:

b. Ketogenesis:

c. Where lipogenesis occurs:

d. How fatty acids are anabolized (built):

e. How glycerol is anabolized:

f. How triglycerides and phospholipids are anabolized:

Answer 1

A) Anaerobic glycolysis is a process of glucose catabolism under anaerobic condition means when the oxygen is not present. In Glycolysis glucose is breakdown into pyruvate and this conversation iprocess is same under aerobic and anaerobic condition. Under the aerobic condition this pyruvate enters into TCA cycle for further oxidation whereas in anaerobic condition pryvate converts into lactate in the presence of lactate dehydrogenase enzyme by the utilisation of NADH that was produced during glucose to pyruvate conversation. So the net production of ATP under anaerobic condition is 2 ATP whereas in aerobic condition it is 7 ATP.

B) Ketogenesis is the process of production of ketone bodies. Ketone bodies production occurs in the mitochondrial of liver cell during starvation condition when there is no other source of energy is available. Under the energy deprived condition stored fat broken down and the free fatty acid further broken down to produce acetyl ca A. This acetyl CoA acts as an precursor for ketone bodies production such as acetate, acetone and beta hydroxybutyrate.

C) Since the fat gets store in the adepocytes so there break down occurs in the adipose tissues and produced glycerol and 3 fatty acid by the breakdown of one fat molecule.

D) Fatty acid synthesis occurs in cell cytoplasm. It is a multi step pathway. Acetyl co A is the precursor molecular for its synthesis which is produced by pyruvateinto mitochondria.  

E) Glycerol biosynthesis is also linked with glycolysis pathway. In glycolysis when fructose 1,6 bis phosphate splits into glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate and Dihydroxyacetone phosphate then dihydroxyacetone phosphate converts to glycerol 3 phosphate and then phosphate is removed by phosphate enzyme and produced glycerol.

F) Triglyceride are the esters of fatty acid on glycerol backbone so they are produced by the estrification of glycerol by fatty acids. And phospholopid are produced when the there is a additional polar head group is attached on the third carbon of glycerol.