Question

I am writing a research paper on oil and gas , what does magnitude mean ?

This is the part I have to write about :

Required Intervention

I) reasons

ii) feasible

iii) magnitude - WHAT DOES THIS MEAN

Answer 1

In case of oil & gas the word 'magnitude' generally refers to the magnitude of earthquake which is caused by wastewater disposal and hydraulic fracturing. In other word it is Induced Seismicity from Oil and Gas Operations.

Manmade Earthquakes

Any activity that significantly changes the pressure on or fluid content of rocks has the potential to trigger earthquakes. This includes geothermal energy production, water storage in large reservoirs, groundwater extraction, underground injection of water for enhanced oil recovery, and large-scale underground disposal of waste liquids.The fact that underground fluid injection can trigger damaging earthquakes has been understood since the very early , but historically such earthquakes have been very rare.The sharp rise in noticeable earthquakes in the central United States from 2008 to 2015 was caused by massive increases in the underground disposal of produced water from the oil and gas industry.Since mid-2015, declining rates of produced water disposal have led to fewer earthquakes in the central United States.

Hydraulic fracturing has caused some small earthquakes, but these are comparatively unusual: in a 2016 study of Canadian wells, 0.3% of hydraulically fractured wells were linked to earthquakes of at least magnitude 3.4