Question

francis fukuyama : names 3 sets of political institution that are need to built " a society that is prosperous , democratic, secure, well governed. and expeiences low level of coruption" : a comptent state strong rule of low , and democratic accontability. give an explanation.

Answer 1

YOSHIHIRO FRANCIS FUKUYAMA

1. HE IS A JAPANESE BORN ,AN AMERICAN POLITICAL SCIENTIST AND WRITER.

2. WORKS OF INTEREST: a. END OF HISTORY AND THE LAST MAN

• THIS BOOK DEALT WITH LIBERAL DEMOCRACIES, FREE MARKET CAPITALISM OF HUMAN GOVERNMENT.

b. SOCIAL VIRTUES AND CREATION OF PROSPERITY

• THIS BOOK OBSERVED THE KEEN RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CULTURE AND ECONOMICS.

HE BELIEVED ECONOMIC GROWTH,SOCIAL MOBILISATION,POLITICAL DEVELOPMENTS ALWAYS WORK TOGETHER.

IN HIS NEW BOOK "THE ORIGINS OF POLITICAL ORDER",HE ESTABLISHED THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN HISTORICAL EARLY ANTECEDENT STATES AND TODAY'S POLITICAL SYSTEMS.

THREE ELEMENTS OF POLITICAL DEVELOPMENT  

1.THE STATE: HE BELIEVED STATE IS CHARACTERISED BY STRUGGLE OF POLITICS TO CREATE A NEUTRAL SYSTEM.

HE TOOK THE EXAMPLE OF CHINA ,WHICH WAS THE FIRST SOCIETY TO CREATE A MERITOCRATIC BUREAUCRACY BY IMPLEMENTING CIVIL SERVICE EXAMINATIONS .

BECAUSE IT APPOINTED OUTSIDE GOVERNORS WITHOUT LOCAL TRIBAL TIES, WHICH LED TO A MOST COHESIVE STATE, SINCE EVERY HUMAN HAVE A NATURAL INSTINCT TO FAVOR RELATIVES.

2.THE RULE OF LAW: HE BELIEVED IT ALWAYS RESTRICTS THE POWER OF GOVERNMENT BY ESTABLISHING ACCEPTED RULES OF JUSTICE.

THOSE RULES ARE HIGHER THAN THE POLITICAL POWER. THE RULE OF LAW DEVELOPED BEFORE A MODERN STATE WHERE WORLD IS RULED BY ISLAM, HINDUISM,ETC.... BUT IT NEVER GOT DEVELOPED IN CHINA DUE TO ITS LACK OF INDEPENDENT RELIGIOUS INSTITUTIONS.

3.ACCOUNTABILITY: HE BELIEVED ACCOUNTABLE GOVERNMENT IS RESPONSIBLE TO THE PEOPLE IT ALWAYS GOVERNS.

FORMAL ACCOUNTABILITY LED AN IMPORTANT PART IN ENGLAND ,WHEN PARLIAMENT FORCED THE KING TO RESPOND TO ITS DEMAND WHEREAS COUNTRIES LIKE FRANCE AND SPAIN WERE UNABLE TO IMPOSE BECAUSE OF THEIR MONARCHY RULING POWER.

TWO POLITICAL MODELS IN WORLD   

HE BELIEVED NOT ALL COUNTRIES ARE MOVING TOWARDS LIBERAL DEMOCRACY, CHINA AND US ARE TWO ALTERNATIVE POLITICAL MODELS IN THE WORLD WHICH INFLUENCE THE REMAINING COUNTRIES.

1.EFFECTIVE AUTHORITARIANISM: HE STATED CHINA HAS AN EFFICIENT AND AUTHORITARIAN GOVERNMENT WITH UPWARD ACCOUNTABILITY LIMITS, WHICH ENHANCES RAPID DECISION MAKING.

BUT STILL CHINA IS A THREAT TO MANY SINCE A POOR EMPEROR CAN CAUSE HARM TO MANY WITH AUTHORITARIAN THAN A DEMOCRATIC SYSTEM.

2. CHECKS AND BALANCES:HE STATED US IS CURRENTLY INFLUENCED BY POLITICAL POLARIZATION WHICH IS UNABLE TO DEAL WITH LONG TERM FISCAL PROBLEMS BECAUSE OF INTEREST GROUPS.

BUT STILL IS MORE PREFERRED THAN CHINESE SYSTEM AS THERE IS NO EMPEROR PROBLEM.

ROLE OF INDIVIDUAL AND AGENCY IDEAS

1. LEADERSHIP: HE STATED THE MAIN DIFFERENCE BETWEEN INSTITUTIONAL AND BIOLOGICAL EVOLUTION,WHERE A LEADER CAN INFLUENCE DEVELOPMENT AT ANY LEVEL.

2.IDEAS AND THEORIES:HE BELIEVED IDEAS AND THEORIES ARE IMPORTANT IN DEVELOPMENT AND ARE NOT MERELY A REFLECTION OF ECONOMIC OR SOCIAL PROCESSES.

3.INTERNATIONAL INFLUENCE:THE MAJOR DIFFERENCE BETWEEN POLITICAL DEVELOPMENT AND MODERN INSTITUTION BUILDING IS THE ROLE OF GLOBALISATION.

ECONOMIC GROWTH AND SOCIAL MOBILISATION CAN TAKE PLACE MUCH MORE RAPIDLY,AND THE SPREAD OF IDEAS HAS DRAMATICALLY INCREASED.