can someone please find for me the characteristic of DBMS form this article, thank you

Relational database

A relational database is a DBMS that represents the data in a tabular form of rows and columns. A table is a representation of an entity. A table is a combination of columns and rows. Each column in a table represents an attribute of the entity, also known as fields or properties. Each row in a table represents a record, the data associated with an entity.

The following tabular data represents a Customer entity with attributes including ID, Company Name, Contact Name, Contact Title, Address, City, and so on. Each column of the table is an attribute (or property) of a Customer entity. Each row of the table represents a customer data.

Each column of a table has a data type that represents the kind of data a column can store. For example, the company name or customer name is a varchar type that can store characters, but a zip code is a numeric field and can store numbers only.

History of relational databases

Relational database concept was introduced by E. F. Codd at IBM in 1970 via his research paper "A Relational Model of Data for Large Shared Data Banks". Later in 1974, IBM introduced System R, that was a prototype of RDBMS.

Oracle database was the first commercially RDBMS that was released in 1979 by Relational Software, now Oracle Corporation.

Today, RDBMS are the most popular database management systems in the world.

Relationships in RDBMS

Relational databases are relational because of their relationships feature. RDBMS supports relationships between their entities and their attributes. A column of a table can have a relationship with another column of another table.

Let's look at the following 4 tables of Northwind database, Customer. Orders, Order Details, and Products.

In the above diagram, a Customer can have multiple orders and each order can have multiple products. The relationship between two table columns are represented by

Primary keys and foreign keys

A table in RDBMS typically has a unique private key (PK) that uniquely identifies each row in a table. The private key can be a single column or a combination of multiple columns. A primary key ensures that each row in a table is unique. PK is also used as a constraint to force data integrity. A table can contain only one primary key.

A foreign key (FK) is a column or combination of columns, that is used to create a relationship between two tables. When a PK is referenced in another table, it is called a foreign key on the referenced table.

RDBMS operations

RDBMS allow Create, Read, Update, and Delete (CRUD) operations.

• Create operation includes inserting new records in a table.
• Read operation includes selecting and reading records from a table.
• Update operation includes updating values of existing records in a table.
• Delete operation includes deleting existing records from a table.

SQL and relational databases

Structured Query Language (SQL) is the language that is used to query, update, and delete data in relational database management systems (RDBMS). SQL is a standard query language. SQL language’s queries are also known as SQL commands or SQL statements.

SQL provides DML (Data Manipulation Language) commands that are used insert, update and delete data. Common DML commands are INSERT, UPDATE and DELETE.

• SQL DDL (Data Definition Language) commands are used to manipulate the database objects such as database itself, tables, and other objects.
• SQL DCL (Data Control Language) commands are used to control the access on a database includes privileges on database objects. Common DCL commands are GRANT and REVOKE.
• SQL DQL (Data Query Language) command allows us to fire queries to the database and get the data from the database. The DQL command is SELECT.

Learn more: What is SQL

Popular relational databases

There are hundreds of RDBMS. Here is a list of the most popular RDBMS.

1. Oracle
2. MySQL
3. SQL Server
4. PostgreSQL
5. IBM DB2
6. Microsoft Access
7. SQLite
8. MariaDB
9. Informix
10. Azure SQL

Oracle

Oracle developed by Oracle Corporation is the most popular relational database system (RDBMS). Not only Oracle is an RDBMS, but also provides functionality for Cloud, Document Store, Graph DBMS, Key-value storage, BLOG, and PDF Storages. Recently. Oracle just announced an autonomous feature that allows the database to be intelligent and self-managed.

The current version of Oracle Database is 18c.

Oracle database is a relational database (RDBMS). Relational databases store data in a tabular form of rows and columns. The column of a database table represents the attributes of an entity and rows of a table stores records. An RDBMS that implements object-oriented features such as user-defined types, inheritance, and polymorphism is called an object-relational database management system (ORDBMS). Oracle Database has extended the relational model to an object-relational model, making it possible to store complex business models in a relational database.

One characteristic of an RDBMS is the independence of physical data storage from logical data structures.

In Oracle Database, a database schema is a collection of logical data structures or schema objects. A database user owns a database schema, which has the same name as the user name.

Schema objects are user-created structures that directly refer to the data in the database. The database supports many types of schema objects, the most important of which are tables and indexes.

A schema object is one type of database object. Some database objects, such as profiles and roles, do not reside in schemas.

MySQL

MySQL is the world’s most popular database that is open source and free. MySQL was acquired by Oracle as a part of Sun Microsystems acquisition in 2009.

In MySQL, the SQL part of “MySQL” stands for “Structured Query Language”. SQL is the most common standardized language used to access databases. Depending on your programming environment, you might enter SQL directly (for example, to generate reports), embed SQL statements into code written in another language, or use a language-specific API that hides the SQL syntax.

Key properties of MySQL:

• MySQL is a database management system.
• MySQL databases are relational.
• MySQL software is Open Source.
• The MySQL Database Server is very fast, reliable, scalable, and easy to use.
• MySQL Server works in client/server or embedded systems.

SQL Server

SQL Server database developed by Microsoft is one of the most popular databases in the world. Initially launched in 1989 and written in C, C++, SQL Server is now widely used among major companies. SQL Server is also a part of Microsoft’s Azure cloud as Azure SQL Server. The current version of SQL Server is SQL Server 2019.

Similar to Oracle and MySQL, SQL Server is also a relational database management system (RDBMS).

Some popular SQL Server editions are:

Azure SQL Database is the cloud-based version of Microsoft SQL Server, presented as a platform as a service offering on Microsoft Azure.

Compact (SQL CE), the compact edition is an embedded database engine. Unlike the other editions of SQL Server, the SQL CE engine is based on SQL Mobile (initially designed for use with hand-held devices) and does not share the same binaries. Due to its small size (1 MB DLL footprint), it has a markedly reduced feature set compared to the other editions. For example, it supports a subset of the standard data types, does not support stored procedures or Views or multiple-statement batches (among other limitations). It is limited to 4 GB maximum database size and cannot be run as a Windows service, Compact Edition must be hosted by the application using it. The 3.5 version includes support for ADO.NET Synchronization Services. SQL CE does not support ODBC connectivity, unlike SQL Server proper.

SQL Server Enterprise Edition is the main database most companies buy that comes with every product feature.

SQL Server Developer Edition includes the same features as SQL Server Enterprise Edition but is limited to one license only that is used for development purposes by software developers.

PostgreSQL

PostgreSQL is a powerful, open-source, object-relational database system that uses and extends the SQL language combined with many features that safely store and scale the most complicated data workloads. The origins of PostgreSQL date back to 1986 as part of the POSTGRES project at the University of California at Berkeley and has more than 30 years of active development on the core platform. The current version of PostgreSQL is 11.4 that was released on 20 June 2019. PostgreSQL is written in C language and managed by the PostgreSQL Global Development Group.

PostgreSQL is known for its architecture, reliability, data integrity, robust feature set, extensibility, and the dedication of the open-source community behind the software to consistently deliver performant and innovative solutions.

IBM DB2

IBM Db2 database is a relational database that delivers advanced data management and analytics capabilities for your transactional and warehousing workloads. This operational database is designed to deliver high performance, actionable insights, data availability, and reliability, and it is supported across Linux, Unix and Windows operating systems.

The Db2 database software includes advanced features such as in-memory technology, advanced management and development tools, storage optimization, workload management, actionable compression, and continuous data availability.

With version 11.5, Db2 includes added AI functionality so that businesses can embrace forward-looking data science and AI technologies to retain competitive differentiation. Now you can leverage one platform that is both powered by AI and built for AI to optimize performance and availability while empowering your data scientists to find deeper insights.

SQLite

SQLite is a C-language library that implements a small, fast, self-contained, high-reliability, full-featured, SQL database engine. SQLite is the most used database engine in the world. SQLite is built into all mobile phones and most computers and comes bundled inside countless other applications that people use every day.

The SQLite file format is stable, cross-platform, and backward compatible and the developers pledge to keep it that way through at least the year 2050. SQLite database files are commonly used as containers to transfer rich content between systems and as a long-term archival format for data. There are over 1 trillion SQLite databases in active use.

MariaDB

MariaDB Server is one of the most popular database servers in the world. It’s made by the original developers of MySQL and guaranteed to stay open source. Notable users include Wikipedia, WordPress.com, and Google.

MariaDB turns data into structured information in a wide array of applications, ranging from banking to websites. It is an enhanced, drop-in replacement for MySQL. MariaDB is used because it is fast, scalable and robust, with a rich ecosystem of storage engines, plugins, and many other tools make it very versatile for a wide variety of use cases.

MariaDB is developed as open-source software and as a relational database, it provides an SQL interface for accessing data. The latest versions of MariaDB also include GIS and JSON features.

Informix

IBM Informix® is a fast and flexible database with the ability to seamlessly integrate SQL, NoSQL/JSON, and time series and spatial data. Key features of Informix includes real-time analytics, always-on transactions, and simplicity.

Azure SQL

Azure SQL Database is a general-purpose relational database-as-a-service (DBaaS) based on the latest stable version of Microsoft SQL Server Database Engine. SQL Database is a high-performance, reliable, and secure cloud database that you can use to build data-driven applications and websites in the programming language of your choice, without needing to manage infrastructure.

Azure SQL is fully managed, and fees are pay-per-use. Azure SQL provides advanced security with Azure AD authentication, Virtual Networks, Firewalls, Always Encrypted connections. Identify threats and vulnerabilities with built-in security.

What is the difference between an attribute and a metric? Give an example each of an attribute of a service that is done correctly, incorrectly, or not at all and a metric for it.

provide a JavaScript code that finds if the given word by user (prompt) is a Palindrome or no.

List the outputs delivered from each of the SDLC phases.

IN C++: Using a single for loop, output the even numbers between 2 and 1004 (inclusive) that iterates (loops) exactly 502 times. The outputted numbers be aligned in a table with 10 numbers per row. Each column in the table should be 5 characters wide. Do not nest a loop inside of another loop.

List and describe the parts of the feasibility assessment portion of a baseline project report.

Explain how corporations have adopted the Ecommerce as part of the strategy to expand its operations over new customers or new geographic areas.

Extend the Hello Goodbye application from the class to include the following using android studio:

1. Add a Text Color button underneath the existing Exclamation button, using the same text color and background image. When this button is clicked, toggle the display color for the Hello or Goodbye text between the original color and the color Red.

2. Add a Reset button underneath the new text color button, using the same text color and background image. When this button is clicked, return the text display to “Hello” in the original color.

activity main XML

<RelativeLayout xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
    xmlns:tools="http://schemas.android.com/tools" android:layout_width="match_parent"
    android:layout_height="match_parent" android:paddingLeft="@dimen/activity_horizontal_margin"
    android:paddingRight="@dimen/activity_horizontal_margin"
    android:paddingTop="@dimen/activity_vertical_margin"
    android:paddingBottom="@dimen/activity_vertical_margin" tools:context=".MainActivity"
    android:background="@drawable/background">

    <TextView
        android:layout_width="wrap_content"
        android:layout_height="wrap_content"
        android:textAppearance="?android:attr/textAppearanceLarge"
        android:text="@string/hello"
        android:id="@+id/textView"
        android:layout_alignParentTop="true"
        android:layout_centerHorizontal="true"
        android:textColor="@color/dusty_rose"
        android:textSize="60sp" />

    <ImageView
        android:layout_width="wrap_content"
        android:layout_height="wrap_content"
        android:id="@+id/imageView"
        android:layout_centerVertical="true"
        android:layout_centerHorizontal="true"
        android:src="@drawable/greetimage"
        android:contentDescription="@string/exclaim_img" />

    <Button
        android:id="@+id/button1"
        android:layout_width="wrap_content"
        android:layout_height="wrap_content"
        android:text="@string/exclaim_btn"
        android:layout_below="@+id/imageView"
        android:layout_centerHorizontal="true"
        android:layout_marginTop="32dp"
        android:background="@drawable/exclamationbtn" />

    <Button
        android:id="@+id/button2"
        android:layout_width="100dp"
        android:layout_height="wrap_content"
        android:layout_below="@+id/imageView"
        android:layout_centerHorizontal="true"
        android:layout_marginTop="102dp"
        android:background="@drawable/exclamationbtn"
        android:text="text color" />
</RelativeLayout>

Main activity.java

package com.cornez.hellogoodbye;

import android.app.Activity;
import android.os.Bundle;
import android.view.Menu;
import android.view.MenuItem;
import android.view.View;
import android.widget.Button;
import android.widget.TextView;

public class MainActivity extends Activity {
    //DECLARE  OBJECTS TO INTERFACE WITH LAYOUT COMPONENTS
    Button exclaimBtn;
    Button textcolBtn;
    private TextView greetingTextView;

    //INDICATES HELLO IS CURRENTLY DISPLAYED
    private boolean isHello;

    @Override
    protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
        //TASK 1: INFLATE THE MAIN SCREEN LAYOUT USED BY THE APP
        super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
        setContentView(R.layout.activity_main);

        //TASK 2: ESTABLISH REFERENCES TO THE TEXTVIEW AND BUTTON
        Button exclaimBtn = (Button) findViewById(R.id.button1);
        Button textcolBtn = (Button) findViewById(R.id.button2);
        greetingTextView = (TextView) findViewById(R.id.textView);
        //TASK 3: INITIALIZE GREETINGS
        initializeGreeting();

        //TASK 4: REGISTER THE LISTENER EVENT FOR THE BUTTON
        exclaimBtn.setOnClickListener(toggleGreeting);
    }

    private final View.OnClickListener toggleGreeting =
            new View.OnClickListener() {

                public void onClick(View btn) {
                    //TASK: CONSTRUCT THE TOGGLE GREETING
                    if (isHello) {
                        isHello = false;
                        greetingTextView.setText(R.string.goodbye);
                    } else {
                        isHello = true;
                        greetingTextView.setText(R.string.hello);

                    }
                }
            };
    int conditionColor;

    private void initializeGreeting() {
        isHello = true;
    }

    @Override
    public boolean onCreateOptionsMenu(Menu menu) {
        // Inflate the menu;
        // this adds items to the action bar if it is present.
        getMenuInflater().inflate(R.menu.menu_main, menu);
        return true;
    }

    @Override
    public boolean onOptionsItemSelected(MenuItem item) {
        // Handle action bar item clicks here. The action bar will
        // automatically handle clicks on the Home/Up button, so long
        // as you specify a parent activity in AndroidManifest.xml.
        int id = item.getItemId();

        //noinspection SimplifiableIfStatement
        if (id == R.id.action_settings) {
            return true;
        }

        return super.onOptionsItemSelected(item);
    }
}

1. For the second part of the Lab, improve the following Java program with functions. You should look for places in the code where similar statements are repeatedand think about how towrite function(s) to replace those statements. Unlike the first part of the Lab, in this exercise you will probably want to create one or more functions that return a value, and use the returned values in the rest of the program.

This is the Painting.javasource file for you to modify (bluelines are my additions):

public class Painting

{

   public static void main(String[] args)

   {

        double width, length, wallArea, ceilingArea;

        final double HEIGHT = 8;

        System.out.println("Calculation of Paint Requirements");

        System.out.print("Enter room length: ");

        length = Keyboard.nextDouble();

          // these 2 lines will make a nice function, promptDouble,

          // then replace those 2 lines with this single line:

          // length = promptDouble("Enter room length: ");

        System.out.print("Enter room width: ");

        width = Keyboard.nextDouble();

          // these 2 lines should be replaced in the same way:

          // width = promptDouble("Enter room width: ");

        wallArea = 2 * (length + width) * HEIGHT; // ignore doors

          // this line should use a perimeterfunction instead, as in:

          // wallArea = perimeter(length, width) * HEIGHT;

        ceilingArea = length * width;

          // this line should use a new function called area,

          // similar to perimeter, like so:

          // ceilingArea = area(length, width);

        System.out.println("The wall area is " + wallArea +

             " square feet.");

        System.out.println("The ceiling area is " + ceilingArea +

             " square feet.");

   }

}

Your job in this Lab is to write these three functions and make the above changesin the Java program Painting.java.

Object Design Example: Bank Account Object

Implement the bank account class that stores account number and the balance. It has methods to deposit and withdraw money. In addition, the default constructor sets account number to 0000 and balance 0. Other constructor should take the account number and the initial balance as parameters. Finally, the account class should have a static data member that stores how many accounts are created for a given application.

a) Draw the UML diagram

b) Write Java code to implement the bank account class

C++ PLEASE

IMPORTANT:

• The use of vectors is not allowed

This program will store roster and rating information for a basketball team. Coaches rate players during tryouts to ensure a balanced team. A roster can include at most 10 players.

(1) Prompt the user to input five pairs of numbers: A player's jersey number (0 - 99) and the player's rating (1 - 9). Store the jersey numbers in one int array and the ratings in another int array. Output these arrays (i.e., output the roster).

Ex:

Enter player 1's jersey number:
84
Enter player 1's rating:
7

Enter player 2's jersey number:
23
Enter player 2's rating:
4

Enter player 3's jersey number:
4
Enter player 3's rating:
5

Enter player 4's jersey number:
30
Enter player 4's rating:
2

Enter player 5's jersey number:
66
Enter player 5's rating:
9

ROSTER
Player 1 -- Jersey number: 84, Rating: 7
Player 2 -- Jersey number: 23, Rating: 4
...

(2) Implement a menu of options for a user to modify the roster. Each option is represented by a single character. The program initially outputs the menu, and outputs the menu after a user chooses an option. The program ends when the user chooses the option to Quit.

Ex:

MENU
a - Add player
d - Remove player
u - Update player rating
r - Output players above a rating
o - Output roster
q - Quit

Choose an option:

(3) Implement the "Output roster" menu option.

Ex:

ROSTER
Player 1 -- Jersey number: 84, Rating: 7
Player 2 -- Jersey number: 23, Rating: 4
...

(4) Implement the "Add player" menu option. If the user chooses this option and the roster is full, print the following error message:

Impossible to add new player: roster is full.

If the roster is not full, prompt the user for a new player's jersey number and rating, and append the values to the two arrays.

Ex:

Enter a new player's jersey number:
49
Enter the player's rating:
8

(5) Implement the "Delete player" menu option. If the user chooses the option when the roster is empty, immediately print the message:

Can not delete from empty roster.

If the roster is not empty, prompt the user for a player's jersey number. Remove the player from the roster (delete the jersey number and rating), paying attention not to leave unused spaces in the two arrays.

Ex:

Enter a jersey number:
4

If the given jersey number is not found, inform the user:

Error! Player  not found.

(6) Implement the "Update player rating" menu option. Prompt the user for a player's jersey number. Prompt again for a new rating for the player, and then look up and change that player's rating.

Ex:

Enter a jersey number:
23
Enter a new rating for player:
6

In this case, if the given jersey number is not found, no further action is taken (note that the format of the program requires both input either way).

(7) Implement the "Output players above a rating" menu option. Prompt the user for a rating. Print the jersey number and rating for all players with ratings above the entered value.

Ex:

Enter a rating:
5

ABOVE 5
Player 1 -- Jersey number: 84, Rating: 7
...

If no players are found above a given rating, the program will simply produce an empty list.

BONUS

For an extra 10 points, implement a secret option s that prints the message:

Executing secret option!

and sorts the roster by jersey number. Do not add this option to the MENU message. And remember to move the player rating accordingly!

Code programs using ReadlineSync for prompts.

Note: For all programs, create and call a main function, and if required additional functions called by the main. Also please use the ES6 style of keywords => instead of the older function and for local scope variables use the keyword let, not var

Name: cookout.js

Assume that hot dogs come in packages of 10, and hot dog buns come in packages of 8. Write a program called cookout.js, that calculates the number of packages of hot dogs and the number of packages of hot dog buns needed for a cookout, with the minimum amount of leftovers.

The program will prompt for the number of people attending the cookout and as how many hot dogs each guest will eat. The program should display the following details.

The minimum number of packages of hot dogs required.

The minimum number of packages of hot dog buns required.

The number of hot dogs that will be left over.

The number of hot dog buns that will be left over.

Code programs using ReadlineSync for prompts.

Note: For all programs, create and call a main function, and if required additional functions called by the main. Also please use the ES6 style of keywords => instead of the older function and for local scope variables use the keyword let, not var

Name: coinflip.js

For this program you will have two functions, one called main and the second called flip. This program is also required the use of a loop construct.

Write a program that simulates tossing a coin. Prompt the user for how many times to toss the coin. Code a function called flip with no parameters that randomly ( use the math library random ) returns either the String "heads"or the string "tails". Call this function in main as many times as requested using a loop and report the results. See Example outputs below.

Example Outputs

How many times should I toss the coin? 1000
Results of 1000 tosses.
Heads: 483, tails: 517

How many times should I toss the coin? 1000000
Results of 1000000 tosses.
Heads: 500074, tails: 499926
Recheck the requirements before you submit.

Code programs using ReadlineSync for prompts.

Note: For all programs, create and call a main function, and if required additional functions called by the main. Also please use the ES6 style of keywords => instead of the older function and for local scope variables use the keyword let, not var

triangle.js

Write a program that is required to use nested loops to generate a triangle as shown in the sample run below. The program should begin by prompting the user to enter the number of lines in the triangle and output to the console to match the example below.

Hint: Each line will contain either "O" or " " (spaces) to align the output to appear right justified

How many lines of the triangle?:6

OOOOOO
OOOOO
OOOO
OOO
OO
O

How to do this program in C ?

You have a sock drawer.  You have an infinite supply of red, green, yellow, orange, and blue socks.
1) Choose how many socks of each color you will put into the drawer.  0 is an ok number, but it would be nonsense to allow the user to put a negative number of socks into the drawer, so if the user tries to do that, print an error message and quit the program.

2) Ask the user to specify two colors of socks typing the first letters of the two colors in response to a prompt.  Sample dialog:

What two colors of socks are you interested in:YO
It is an error to specify the same color twice.  
Your response of YO would mean that you are interested in yellow and orange socks.
RR would be an improper response and should recieve an error message.

3) Pretend that the user shuts their eyes, reaches into the drawer, and retrieves one sock.  Calculate the probability that the sock is one of the two specified colors.

If c1 and c2 are the specified colors, and nk is the number of socks of color k,
then the required probability would be

(n1 + n2) / (n1 + n2 + n3 + n4 + n5)

For instance, suppose there are 5 red socks, 4 green socks, 3 yellow socks, 2 ornage socks and 1 blue sock. If the user specified red and yellow (RY)
the probability would be (5 + 3) / (5 + 4 + 3 + 2 + 1)

Use ints to hold the number of socks of each color, but calculate the
probabilities as doubles.