There are different types of software testing techniques as described below. Each has its own benefits.

-Black box testing: based on functional requirements.

-White box testing: ensure that all statements and conditions have been executed at least once

Explain the following testing techniques and justify that "black box software testing is not an alternative to white box software testing"?

Please help with this question and explain in your own words to avoid plagiarism. Thanks.

Consider the set of strings A = {c,cc,ccc}.
What is the shortest string the set of strings A⁵.

Topic: HTML Styling Elements - CSS3

Write some HTML code that includes three Semantic HTML tags. Describe the semantic meaning of each one you choose.

Write a program in javascript to encrypt and decrypt the user input using the caesar algorithm with the substitution algorithm. Specify the min and max of the message user can enter to encrypt. Specify the length of the key user can enter to encrypt and decrypt the message. document your design by words or diagrams.

#include

int main()

{

     FILE *fp1;

     char c;

     fp1= fopen ("C:\\myfiles\\newfile.txt", "r");

     while(1)

     {

        c = fgetc(fp1);

        if(c==EOF)

            break;

        else

            printf("%c", c);

     }

     fclose(fp1);

     return 0;

}

1. In the program above which statement is functioning for opening a file
2. Write the syntax for opening a file
3. What mode that being used in the program. Give the example from the program
4. Referring to the program above what has been stored in the pointer fp.
5. Explain how to check whether the file has opened successfully?
6. Write code that will check the file has opened successfully.
7. Explain the function that can be used to read a file
8. Explain how to write a file. Write C program to with the file.
9. Explain the function used for closing a file.
10. Write a program that contain open, read, write and close operation in C.
11. How to read/write (i/o) strings in files?
12. Write a program to read the strings from a file in C programming.

please answer all

(please use zelle's Python Graphics library, I've
already asked this question and have had to post
this multiple times. I am working with the Python Graphics library and nothing else. thank you! note that I will downvote anything other than python graphics. this is the 4th time I've had to post this same question)
im trying to create a function that has a circle
bouncing left to right on a window and when the
circle is clicked on, it stops moving horizontally
and begins moving up and down on the window.

Using the following code write the following instructions in C++

Implementation:

1. Re-implement your String class to use a dynamically allocated array for storage. It will be a NULL terminating charater array.

2. This dynamic version of the String will only allocate exactly the amount of memory necessary to store the characters. That is, the length will be the same as the capacity. However, the size of the dynamic array needs to have an extra char for the NULL terminator.

3. To re-write the constructors to allocate the correct amount of memory.

4. The default constructor allocates an array of size 1 for the empty string. The other constructors will allocate memory as needed. For example for String str("abc"); str.capacity() == 3, str.length() == 3, and str.string_size == 4.

5. Implement a destructor, copy constructor, constant time swap, and assignment operator for your ADT.

6. You will need to re-implement capacity(). length() remains the same.

7. You will also have to update concat and += to return the proper sized string result.

8. Implement the private constructors String(int) and String(int, const char *).
String(int) constructs the object as the emptry string with int capacity.
String(int, const char *) works the same as String(const char *) but allocates int capacity.

9. Implement a private method reset_capacity to change the capacity of your string while keeping the contents intact. That is, create a new array and copy contents over to the new array, making sure to clean up memory.

10. The private constructors and method may be useful for re-implementing + and +=.

Testing:

11. Write tests for the methods developed for this project.

12. Write test cases first. Testing must be thorough. You will be relying on the String to be correct.

13. You should make sure that the test cases you develop are very complete.

14. The otests test the constructors, assignment, copy, +, ==, and <.

15. If you add additional member variables the tests will not work properly.

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

string.hpp

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

#ifndef STRING_HPP
#define STRING_HPP

#include <iostream>

/**
 * @invariant str[length()] == 0
 *         && length()      == capacity()
 *         && capacity()    == stringSize - 1
 */
class String {
private:
    // helper constructors and methods
    String(int);
    String(int, const char *);
    void reset_capacity (int);

    char * str;

    // size includes NULL terminator
    int string_size;

public:

    // constructor: empty string, String('x'), and String("abcd")
    String();
    String(char);
    String(const char *);

    // copy ctor, destructor, constant time swap, and assignment
    String(const String &);
    ~String();
    void     swap          (String &);
    String & operator=     (String);

    // subscript: accessor/modifier and accessor
    char & operator[](int);
    char   operator[](int) const;

    // max chars that can be stored (not including null terminator)
    int capacity()      const;
    // number of char in string
    int length  ()      const;

    // concatenation
    String   operator+ (const String &) const;
    String & operator+=(String);

    // relational methods
    bool operator==(const String &)  const;
    bool operator< (const String &)  const;

    // i/o
    friend std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream &, const String &);
    friend std::istream& operator>>(std::istream &, String &);

};

// free functios for concatenation and relational
String operator+       (const char *,   const String &);
String operator+       (char,           const String &);
bool   operator==      (const char *,   const String &);
bool   operator==      (char,           const String &);
bool   operator<       (const char *,   const String &);
bool   operator<       (char,           const String &);
bool   operator<=      (const String &, const String &);
bool   operator!=      (const String &, const String &);
bool   operator>=      (const String &, const String &);
bool   operator>       (const String &, const String &);

#endif

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

string.cpp

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

#include <iostream>
#include <cassert>
#include "string.hpp"

String::String(){
  str[0] = 0;
}

String::String(char ch){
  str[0] = ch;
  str[1] = 0;
}

String::String(const char* s){
  int pos = 0;
  while(s[pos] != 0){
    str[pos] = s[pos];
    ++pos;
        
    if(pos >= capacity()) break;
  }
  str[pos] = 0;
}

int String::length() const{
  int size = 0;
  while(str[size] != 0)
    ++size;
  return size;
        
}

int String::capacity() const{
  return STRING_SIZE -1;
}

char& String::operator[](int i){
  assert(i >= 0);
  assert(i <= length());
    
  return str[i];
}

void String::swap(String& str1){
  int tempStr = string_size;
  string_size = str1.string_size;
  str1.string_size = tempStr;

  int* tempStr1 = str;
  str = str1.str;
  str1.str = tempStr1;
}

char String::operator[](int i) const{
  assert(i >= 0);
  assert(i <= length());
    
  return str[i];
}

bool String::operator==(const String& rhs) const{
  int pos = 0;
  while(str[pos] != 0 && str[pos] == rhs.str[pos]){
    ++pos;
  }
  return str[pos] == rhs.str[pos];
}

std::istream& operator>>(std::istream& in, String& rhs){
  in >> rhs.str;
  return in;
}

std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& out, const String& rhs){
  out << rhs.str;
  return out;
}
        
bool String::operator<(const String& rhs) const{
  int pos = 0;
  while(str[pos] != 0 && rhs.str[pos] != 0 && str[pos] == rhs.str[pos]){
    ++pos;
  }
  return str[pos] < rhs.str[pos];
}

String String::operator+(const String& rhs) const{
  String result(str);
  int offset = length();
  int pos = 0;
    
  while(rhs.str[pos] != 0){
    result.str[offset + pos] = rhs.str[pos];
    ++pos;
  }
  result.str[offset + pos] = 0;
  return result;
}

String& String::operator+=(String rhs){
  int offset = length();
  int pos = 0;
    
  while(rhs.str[pos] != 0){
    if((offset + pos) >= capacity())
      break;
    str[offset + pos] = rhs.str[pos];
    ++pos;
  }
  str[offset + pos] = 0;
  return *this;
}

String operator+(const char charArray[], const String& rhs){
  return rhs + charArray;
}

String operator+(char s, const String& rhs){
  return s + rhs;
}

bool operator==(const char charArray[], const String& rhs){
  if(charArray == rhs){
    return true;
  }
  else{
    return false;
  }
}

bool operator==(char s, const String& rhs){
  if(s == rhs){
    return true;
  }
  else{
    return false;
  }
}

bool operator<(const char charArray[], const String& rhs){
  if(charArray < rhs){
    return true;
  }
  else{
    return false;
  }
}

bool operator<(char s, const String& rhs){
  if(s < rhs){
    return true;
  }
  else{
    return false;
  }
}

bool operator<=(const String& lhs, const String& rhs){
  if(lhs < rhs || lhs == rhs){
    return true;
  }
  else{
    return false;
  }
}

bool operator!=(const String& lhs, const String& rhs){
  if(lhs.length() != rhs.length()){
    return true;
  }
  int pos = 0;
  while(lhs[pos] != rhs[pos]){
    pos++;
  }
  if(pos == lhs.length()){
    return true;
    }
  return false;
}

bool operator>=(const String& lhs, const String& rhs){
  if(lhs > rhs || lhs == rhs) {
    return true;
  }
  else{
    return false;
  }
}

bool operator>(const String& lhs, const String& rhs){
  if(!(lhs <= rhs)){
    return true;
  }
  else{
    return false;
  }
}

******You do not need to get everything working exactly as it says, I mostly just need an outline of how to create this GUI and add up the costs and print them all out. Any help at all will be greatly appreciated*******

********MUST BE IN JAVAFX**********

Design and implement a Java program that creates a GUI that will allow a customer to order pizza and other items from a Pizza Paarlor.  The customer should be able to order a variety of items which are listed below. The GUI should allow the customer (via JavaFX UI Controls - text areas, buttons, checkbox, radio button, etc.) to input the following information:

• Customer Contact Info (Use text fields to input these from user)
  • First Name
  • Last Name
  • Phone Number
  • Address
• Type of food that can be ordered are: (Use checkboxes to pick)
  • pizza
    • Small
    • Large
  • calzone
  • garlic knots
• Quantity of each food item being ordered (Use text field that only accepts numbers to type in a number between 1 and 50)
• • Pizza toppings (Use checkboxes to pick)
    • Plain
    • Extra cheese
    • Mushrooms
    • Pepperoni

  Pricing (assign these prices to each item)

  Base Price for items :

• Small Plain Pie –  $11.25
• Large Plain Pie –  $14.00
• Calzone - $7.75
• Garlic Knots -$3.50

• Additional fees for Toppings:

• Small Pie - $2.00 per topping
• Large Pie - $3.00 per topping

Conditions:

• The GUI will have two buttons. The first will be used to create a running total of the current order. This button should be clicked every time an item is added to the order to give a current total of the order.
• The second button will be used to print the following:
  • Customer Contact Info
  • All items and the quantity ordered
  • The grand total for the order

Discussion about strategies to identify critical satiations in informatics systems

c program

Write a program that asks the user to enter a sequence of 15 integers, each either being 0, 1, or 2, and then prints the number of times the user has entered a "2" immediately following a "1". Arrays are not allowed to appear in your code. Include ONLY THE SCREENSHOT OF YOUR CODE in an image file and submit the file.

Given an array A of n integers, describe an O(n log n) algorithm to decide if the elements of A are all distinct. Why does your algorithm run in O(n log n) time?

using the C programming language I need a program that includes comments/ screen shots that it works/ and the code it self

for a hang man game

this game has to be to complie no errors please you can even keep it super basic if u want and no( studio.c) that never works THANK UUUUUU

Show how each of the following C statements would be translated to ARM Cortex M3/M4
assembly language:
3.1. a |= (1<<3)
3.2. a &= ~(1<<1)
3.3. a ^= 1<<2
If a was an 8-bit variable with initial value 0xA7:
3.4. What would be its value after each operation, assuming each operation runs individually.

Define and test a function myRange. This function should behave like Python’s standard range function, with the required and optional arguments, but it should return a list. Do not use the range function in your implementation!

Study Python’s help on the range to determine the names, positions, and what to do with your function’s parameters. Use a default value of None for the two optional parameters. If these parameters both equal None, then the only provided argument should be considered the stop value, and the start value should default to 0. If just the third parameter equals None, then the function has been called with a start and stop value. Thus, the first part of the function’s code establishes what the values of the parameters are or should be. The rest of the code uses those values to build a list by counting up or down.

An example of the range function with only one argument provided is shown below:

print(myRange(10))

[0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]