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How do monetary financial institutions create liquidity, pool risk, lower the cost of borrowing, and lower the cost of monitoring borrowers?

Short Essay Question​ - GDP​ (10 pts)  

​Note: This question on the test will be graded manually.

One of the key macroeconomic variables that you have studied in this course is gross domestic product

​(GDP).

This macroeconomic variable has been in the economic news headlines frequently here in the US and around the world during this current global​ COVID-19 pandemic. As data are collected and early estimates of GDP​ released, we do not yet know the full extent to which the​ COVID-19 pandemic has affected the US economy. ​ However, early reports provide some evidence that GDP in the US and around the world has​ been, and will continue to​ be, greatly affected.

One approach to measuring GDP is to divide it into four major categories of​ expenditures: consumption,​ investment, government expenditures and net exports. Briefly explain how the​ COVID-19 pandemic has affected 3 of the 4 categories of expenditures of GDP. Comment on the direction and magnitude of the impact to each of the three types of expenditure you discuss. Label each part as​ a, b and c. 

1. In a monetary model with floating exchange rates, what will happen to exchange rate, if the Central Bank of Turkey has decided to increase money supply? Discuss

Assume you are a business owner. Your organization manufactures and sells branded wooden furniture, through its own stores, across US. What core competencies should your organization have to succeed in the business?

Choose any topic covered in our subject (except for poverty and inequality) and search online for an interesting news article that relates to that topic. You are not required to submit a copy of the article with your answers.

Please state the following:

• Source of the article you chose (newspaper, magazine, etc.):
• Link:
• Topic covered in the subject that relates to the article:

1. In no more than 200 words summarise the article and explain how it relates to the subject.
2. In no more than 100 words explain why you think the article is interesting in the context of economic development.

Assume that we observe both imports and exports declining in a particular economy. Everything else remaining the same:

Select one:

a. we would expect no change in aggregate demand but aggregate supply should fall.

b. it is impossible to determine what will happen.

c. we would expect no change in aggregate demand but aggregate supply should rise.

d. we would expect aggregate demand to rise.

e. we would expect aggregate demand to fall.

Italian national debt to GDP is expected to pass 150% in 2020, up from 134% last year. Furthermore, fund managers are getting increasingly more reluctant to buy relatively high-yielding Italian bonds despite European Central Bank’s (ECB’s) backing.

What was the state of the Italian economy in 2019? Use the information given in the question and basic macro indicators to explain.

How has the Covid-19 outbreak affected the Italian economy? Explain how the macro indicators you have chosen at part a got affected as a result of the pandemic.

Trade agreements lead to more international trade. Explain how trade agreements boost potential GDP

Your role. You are an international development consultant who has been contracted by a country to provide advice on a strategy to increase long-run economic growth. The country’s current economic state. The country is currently in a stable economic situation. It’s income per capita has been growing at an almost constant but low rate for the last 10 years. Growth rate as well as the level of income per capita has been significantly lower than in neighbouring similar countries, which has made the government wonder if it would be possible to increase the rate of growth in the years to come. The average household expenditure in consumption is larger than in neighbouring similar countries while the population growth rate and capital depreciation rate are approximately the same. Your task as a consultant. The government would like to increase the growth rate of income per capita in the coming years to achieve a level of income per capita in the long run that is comparable to neighbouring similar countries. Three prestigious political leaders of the country have recommended three different policies to achieve the government’s objective. Your task is to choose the right policy for the country using the Solow Model to substantiate the arguments in favour of your choice and the arguments against the other two policy options. Policy proposals

• Political leader 1: “The government should implement a policy to permanently increase the population growth rate by, for example, improving child-care services and providing social-security payments that increase significantly when families have an additional child”.

• Political leader 2: “The government should implement a policy to incentivise consumption, so the proportion of disposable income allocated to consumption increases permanently”.

• Political leader 3: “The government should implement a policy to incentivise the population to increase the saving rate, so the proportion of disposable income allocated to saving increases permanently”. Instructions. Assume the country’s economy is currently at steady state.

a. Indicate which policy option is the best strategy to achieve the country’s economic objectives.

b. Use the Solow Model without technology to explain your answer in point (a) above. Write your answer in no more than 200 words and use the Solow Diagram to illustrate.

c. Use the Solow Model without technology to explain why the other two policy options (the two policy options you did not choose in point (a) above) are not recommendable to achieve the government’s objective. Use the Solow Diagram to illustrate your argument against each of these two policies.

E. In the real world, complete specialization does not happen and trade barriers do exist. Usually this is in the form of tariffs and other barriers to reduce imports. Several arguments are used to explain why trade barriers are needed including protecting domestic jobs and national security. Traditionally, the national security argument has been used very selectively for specific industries like. However, the recent Covid-19 crisis has put in sharp focus the issue of fragile supply chains that span over the globe. With several countries (including the US) putting restrictions on exports of vital supplies like face masks, hand sanitizers, food products, CO2 etc. for national security reasons, explain what changes in trade policy might take place over the next few years because of these complications. Discuss if and why this is now justified. (3 points) [Hint: Write a short essay on this topic (between 100-150 words). You can use the small country trade model graph to help explain your position.]

When the ratio of domestic prices to foreign prices rises:

Select one:

a. the real exchange rate appreciates only when the nominal exchange rate depreciates.

b. None of these

c. the real exchange rate appreciates even when the nominal exchange rate is constant.

d. the real exchange rate depreciates.

e. the real exchange rate appreciates only when the nominal exchange rate appreciates.

Describe the relationship between annual objectives and policies.

Your response should be at least 200 words in length.