Explain the difference between a short-run and a long-run credit constraint. Give an example of a policy that could overcome each type of constraint. Why is it important for financial aid policy to distinguish between short- and long-run credit constraints?

1) Several central banks have used negative official interest rates in recent years, which until recently seemed unimaginable. Indeed, economists used to talk about a zero interest-rate boundary (ZIRB). How is it possible for a central bank to cut its official interest rate below zero?

2) Japan has the world's highest level of government debt. The interest rate (or yield) on 10-year Japanese government debt has been approximately zero for the past three years. What has made this possible? How is it related to quantitative easing?

Please answer ASAP, thank you!

1. Please present, analyze, and comment on a (specific or general) monetary or fiscal policy enacted by the Federal Reserve Bank or by the Federal Government to help our economy by describing the particular context in which that policy was enacted.

what elements in "Understanding the Economic Shock of Coronavirus."

1) What is the cash rate? Provide a definition and its current value. (1 mark)

2) If there is an expected surplus of reserves in the banking system today, what will the Reserve Bank do?

3) What would happen to the cash rate if the Reserve Bank chose not to act? (1 mark)

4) What is quantitative easing, and how might quantitative easing affect the cash rate?

Give an example of how developed countries are not bound legally to provide trade preferences for developing countries and therefore can as far as GATT/WTO procedures are concerned can be changed unilaterally by the developed countries.

Difference between a firm's accounting and economic profit in your own words at least 250 words. and  Looking at a marginal and average total cost in your own words at least 250 words.

1. Kent sells lemonade in a competitive market on a busy street corner. His production function is F(L, K) = L^1/3 K^1/3 where output q is gallons of lemonade, K is the pounds of lemons he uses and L is the number of labour-hours spent squeezing them. The corresponding marginal products are MPL= 13L-23K13 and MPK= 13L13K-23. Every pound of lemons cost r and the wage rate of lemon squeezers is w.
   1. Prove that this production process has decreasing returns to scale.
   2. On a graph with hours of lemon-squeezing (L) on the horizontal axis and pounds of lemons (K) on the vertical axis, illustrate an isoquant that represents a particular production level q. What is the equation of the isoquant?
   3. What is the equation for a slope of an isoquant? Is it constant? What does the slope indicate? Explain.
   4. What are the conditions that identify the cost minimizing bundle for any output? Illustrate on a clearly labelled diagram.
   5. Set up the cost minimization problem and solve for the conditional input demands as functions of the exogenous variables.
   6. Derive the cost function (as a function of only the exogenous variables).
   7. Continue with total cost function derived in previous part and derive the average cost. Is it upward or downward sloping? Explain.

Suppose the overnight market rate is below the target rate set by the Bank of Canada (BoC). To reduce the downward pressure on overnight rate, the Bank of Canada decides to use open market operations with a target volume of 100 million dollars.
(a) Describe the actions BoC can undertake to intervene in the overnight market.

(b) Using T-accounts, record the changes in balance sheets of BoC and the financial system following BoC’s intervention.

1. Write an essay (minimum of 3000 words) on the following. COVID-19 has caused global turmoil to humankind. Concentrate on the economic impact of this horror and use as many concepts, tools and techniques that you can from this course to analyse the economic impacts of this disease. You are required to include the global oil industry in part of your analysis, but you may include any other industries of your choosing to analyse also. You may concentrate on one country or many if you wish, but how you choose to proceed is up to you. Your essay will be judged on the quality and depth of economic analysis as well as organisation and clarity of your prose.

what is the implication of the new Keynesian economics on the role of monetary policy in stimulating economic growth.(please explain in detail)

4. What is the meaning of this equation: Total Spending (GDP) = C + I + G + (X-M)? What information does this equation try to communicate to us? Why? Why should we care about this information?

5. In theory, what is so ‘unique’ and ‘special’ about Business Spending (I)? One can argue that this area of spending is MUCH MORE IMPORTANT than “just 17% of Total Spending”---why may this be true?

6. In theory, what must a firm be thinking in order to START the process of building factory #5? How and when and why might the firm give itself “the green light”??

1. Solow Country in steady state
   1. Savings rate of this country were to increase, name the effects of capital labor ratio & real GDP per capita?
   2. Population growth is experiencing decrease, what impact would this have on the capital-labor ratio, real GDP growth and real GDP per capita?

How was slavery practice in England before the transatlantic slave trade?