Question

could you please provide me with 2-3 pages about (Uric Acide) with a reference from Up To Date website?

Answer 1

Uric acid is the metabolic waste produced by the catabolism of nucleic acids. Most of the mammals convert it into allantoin, whereas the reptiles and avian species excrete it directly (i.e. in the form of uric acid). The uric acid can eliminate about two times more nitrogen than urea, thus, it helps to conserve water.

Urea cycle:

The amino group of aspartate and the carbonyl group of citrulline undergoes condensation to form argininosuccinate. This reaction is catalyzed by argininosuccinate synthetase and requires ATP. This reaction produces arginine and fumarate. Arginase cleaves arginine to form urea and ornithine. Ornithine again enters into the urea cycle. The fumarate is converted into the malate by the aspartate-argininosuccinate shunt. Malate enters into the citrate cycle after converting into oxaloacetate, which combines with glutamate to form alpha-ketoglutarate and aspartate. The total energetic cost of the urea cycle is 4 ATP equivalents.