Question

Pittman Company is a small but growing manufacturer of telecommunications equipment. The company has no sales force of its own; rather, it relies completely on independent sales agents to market its products. These agents are paid a sales commission of 14% for all items sold.

Barbara Cheney, Pittman’s controller, has just prepared the company’s budgeted income statement for next year. The statement follows:

Pittman Company Budgeted Income Statement For the Year Ended December 31
Sales			$	21,100,000
Manufacturing expenses:
Variable	$	8,050,000
Fixed overhead		3,020,000		11,070,000
Gross margin				10,030,000
Selling and administrative expenses:
Commissions to agents		2,954,000
Fixed marketing expenses		290,000*
Fixed administrative expenses		2,650,000		5,894,000
Net operating income				4,136,000
Fixed interest expenses				710,000
Income before income taxes				3,426,000
Income taxes (40%)				1,370,400
Net income			$	2,055,600

*Primarily depreciation on storage facilities.

As Barbara handed the statement to Karl Vecci, Pittman’s president, she commented, “I went ahead and used the agents’ 14% commission rate in completing these statements, but we’ve just learned that they refuse to handle our products next year unless we increase the commission rate to 19%.”

“That’s the last straw,” Karl replied angrily. “Those agents have been demanding more and more, and this time they’ve gone too far. How can they possibly defend a 19% commission rate?”

“They claim that after paying for advertising, travel, and the other costs of promotion, there’s nothing left over for profit,” replied Barbara.

“I say it’s just plain robbery,” retorted Karl. “And I also say it’s time we dumped those guys and got our own sales force. Can you get your people to work up some cost figures for us to look at?”

“We’ve already worked them up,” said Barbara. “Several companies we know about pay a 8.1% commission to their own salespeople, along with a small salary. Of course, we would have to handle all promotion costs, too. We figure our fixed expenses would increase by $2,954,000 per year, but that would be more than offset by the $4,009,000 (19% × $21,100,000) that we would avoid on agents’ commissions.”

The breakdown of the $2,954,000 cost follows:

   

Salaries:
Sales manager	$	270,000
Salespersons		1,450,000
Travel and entertainment		1,080,000
Advertising		154,000
Total	$	2,954,000

“Super,” replied Karl. “And I noticed that the $2,954,000 is just what we’re paying the agents under the old 14% commission rate.”

“It’s even better than that,” explained Barbara. “We can actually save $160,000 a year because that’s what we’re having to pay the auditing firm now to check out the agents’ reports. So our overall administrative expenses would be less.”

“Pull all of these numbers together and we’ll show them to the executive committee tomorrow,” said Karl. “With the approval of the committee, we can move on the matter immediately.”

Required:

1. Compute Pittman Company’s break-even point in dollar sales for next year assuming: (Enter your answer in whole dollars and not in thousands. Round CM ratio to 3 decimal places and final answers to the nearest dollar amount.)

  

a. The agents’ commission rate remains unchanged at 14%.

    

b. The agents’ commission rate is increased to 19%.

   

c. The company employs its own sales force.

2. Assume that Pittman Company decides to continue selling through agents and pays the 19% commission rate. Determine the volume of sales that would be required to generate the same net income as contained in the budgeted income statement for next year. (Enter your answer in whole dollars and not in thousands. Round CM ratio to 3 decimal places.)

   

3. Determine the volume of sales at which net income would be equal regardless of whether Pittman Company sells through agents (at a 19% commission rate) or employs its own sales force. (Enter your answer in whole dollars and not in thousands. Round CM ratio to 3 decimal places.)

4. Compute the degree of operating leverage that the company would expect to have on December 31 at the end of next year assuming:

  

a. The agents’ commission rate remains unchanged at 14%. (Round your answer to 2 decimal places.)

b. The agents’ commission rate is increased to 19%. (Round your answer to 2 decimal places.)

Answer 1

Part 1 A

Dollar sales to break even= fixed expenses/contribution margin ratio

Contribution margin ratio= contribution margin / sales

Contribution margin = sales - variable expenses

= 21100-(8050+(21100*14%)) = 10096

Contribution margin ratio= 10096/21100 = 0.478

Fixed expenses= fixed manufacturing overhead +Fixed marketing expenses +Fixed administrative expenses+interest expense =3020+290+2650+710=6670

Dollar sales to breakeven = 6670000/0.478= 13953975

Part 1 B

Contribution margin= 21100-(8050+(21100*19%)) =9041

Contribution margin ratio= 9041/21100= 0.428

Dollar sales to breakeven = 6670000/0.428= 15584112

Part 1 C

Contribution margin = 21100-(8050+(21100*8.1%)) = 11340.90

Contribution margin ratio = 11340.90/21100= 0.537

Fixeaad expenses= 3020+(290+2954) +(2650-160) +710= 9454

Dollar sales to breakeven = 9454/0.537=17623836

Part 2

Dollar sales to attain target= target income before taxes + fixed expenses / contribution margin ratio = (3426000+6670000)/ 0.428 = 23588785

Part 3

X = total sales revenue

0.572x + 6670000 = 0.463x + 9454000

0.109x = 2784000

X = 25541284

Part 4 A

Degree of operating leverage = contribution margin/ income before taxes

DOL= 10096000/3426000= 2.95

Part 4 B

DOL= 9041000 / ((9041000-6670000) *60%) = 6.36