Question

write detail about steps of research methodology process with three examples of each.

1, identify the research problem.
2 extensive literature survey.
3 formulate hypothesis.
4, preparing the research design .
5 data collection
6 data analysis.
7 interpretation
8report writing.

1000 words Atleast please. thanks

Answer 1

1, identify the research problem: It is a very well said verse that once a problem is get well defined, it is already half solved. So, it is important to define a problem first which is done in three main steps involves different difficulty levels and opportunities. Difficulty could be latent that are not actually deceptive while higher level difficulties are quite apparent. Unit of analysis, characteristics and environmental conditions must be included while identifying a problem.

After a problem is decided, there should be a discussion of introduction of the problem which involves background and purpose of the study as well as its importance.

For example, if u are writing a paper on effect of exercise on life span of human being, then it should be necessary to discuss the average life span of human being, factors affecting it in both positive and negative way. Then it is necessary to discuss importance of exercise and have to relate it with the age or life span.

2 extensive literature survey: This part actually describes the background of the study in detail with clear references of the studies done ye on the topic of study. All the information has t be collectively made in order to announce the gap left in the study which is the base of the study in this study. Review of literature is based upon the information available, abstracting, indexing journals, from conference proceedings, available reports from public and private sectors, reports books and all other sources used to collect the data available. The pertinent literature for the study is the basis of analysis and conclusion is to be discussed in the chapter.

3 formulate hypothesis: After a clear survey of literature, it is important to put the hypothesis which is actually the educated guess indicating the outcome of the results and related gaps. This is also termed as the research question that provide direction to the research method, data collection, its analysis and interpretation. So, it’s a kind of tentative attempt made to test the logical consequences related to the research problem. It should be specifically drawn and should focus on the important facets of the research. It is of two types namely: Null hypothesis states that there is no relation between two phenomena and Alternative hypothesis stated the significant relation among two variables measeured in experiment.

4, preparing the research design: After prediction of the problem that is hypothesis it is important to design the research plan which is used to explore the insights of the respective problem. This provides the initial step in formulation of theoretical model

It this step more precise investigation is done for development of working hypothesis which focus the studies related to discovery of ideas. Different aspects of the problem need to be considered in this step, so it should be flexible enough.

They are of three types: exploratory research that is totally based upon ideas and insights 2.Descriptive research includes description of characteristics of particular group involve in the study. It is a kind of diagnostic research and involves association of variables.3. Experimental research: Here researcher actually test the hypothesis and provides the comparison between hypothesis and the results. This is most reliable and unbiased research.

5 data collection:Primary and secondary are the two types of data. Primary data is basically in the form of query, questions, observations and survey. It is directly collected from the source. While the secondary data is accounting reports, important publications and authentic documented sources. It is actually the data collected by other researchers and used by other.

6 data analysis: This step is processing of data includes Editing (examination of errors need to be changed), Coding(classification of data in different categories) and Tabulating (calculation of the available responses from each category.)

IN this step computation of the data is done in order to find out the relation between existing groups of data. Various statistical tools are available to identify the significance of the data. For ex. Unidirectional, or multivariate. ANOVA, Pearson Product –Moment Correlation Method& Regression etc. can be applied for analysis of data.

7 interpretation: A research is almost prepared after completion of above steps. But it is very important to prepare a outline of the report that should be flexible, showing that all the necessary purpose of the research problem has been addressed. It should be self expanatory of the complete research article.

8 report writing: It is compilation of all the above steps need to be well written in order to understand the research problem and related results that is showing clearly the acceptance or rejection of hypothesis.

It should include all the abbreviations, references in proper formats. It should be well organised and clearly written.