Please check the below questions

• Your personal definition of leadership. How has your definition of leadership changed between the first meeting and the last meeting?
• What is your favorite leadership style or theory learned in the course and why? How could this leadership style or theory make an impact to you and the followers or members of the organization?
• What is your personal leadership development plan? How can you use your skills and be an effective leader now or in the future? How can you or anyone become a leader; or move from being a manager to a leader?
• Elaborate on some of the keys to success in a leadership capacity?
• Take a reverse approach and elaborate on the role of the follower? What is the importance of the follower and his/her role in the process? In the eyes of the follower, what is the best qualities in a leader?
• Elaborate on your lessons learned in the course and how you can apply these to your professional and/or personal lives? Include examples from some of the intersession assignments you completed (such at the Leadership Book Review or the Senior Leadership Interview).

Create a portfolio using the four stocks and information below:

(Do not round intermediate calculations. Record your answers in decimal form and round your answers to 4 decimal places. Ex. x.xxxx)

What is the variance of A?

What is the variance of B?

What is the variance of C?

What is the variance of D?

What is the Correlation (A,A)?

What is the Correlation (B,B)?

What is the Correlation (C,C)?

What is the Correlation (D,D)?

What is the Covariance (A,A)?

What is the Covariance (A,B)?

What is the Covariance (A,C)?

What is the Covariance (A,D)?

What is the Covariance (B,A)?

What is the Covariance (B,B)?

What is the Covariance (B,C)?

What is the Covariance (B,D)?

What is the Covariance (C,A)?

What is the Covariance (C,B)?

What is the Covariance (C,C)?

What is the Covariance (C,D)?

What is the Covariance (D,A)?

What is the Covariance (D,B)?

What is the Covariance (D,C)?

What is the Covariance (D,D)?

What is the expected return on the portfolio above?

What is the variance on the portfolio above?

What is the standard deviation on the portfolio above?

Please use excel and demonstrate the formulae used.

A medium-sized industrial grade compressor can be purchased for $35,000. Annual O&M costs are expected to increase $1,300 every year, with a 1st year O&M cost of $2,000. (MARR = 16%, and planning horizon is 10 years)

The compressor salvage value for a given period t, is calculated based on the following equation: Salvage value (t) = $30,000– $3,000 * t

a) Find the Optimum Replacement Interval for this Equipment

b) Find the Optimum Replacement Interval for this Equipment if the O&M costs is increased to $1,600/yr. What is your conclusion?

c) Find the Optimum Replacement Interval for this Equipment if the initial cost is reduced to $32,000. What is your conclusion?

Select an organization with which you are familiar or one you have researched. Identify four hazard risks (these arise from property, liability, or personnel loss exposures and are generally the subject of insurance). These risks must be pure risks, not broad categories of risks. Then identify which line of insurance coverage protects against those risks.

Five credible sources supporting the research.

Required information

[The following information applies to the questions displayed below.]

Required information

[The following information applies to the questions displayed below.]

Accurate financial data is critical to bank shareholders and credit union members. Who is responsible to determine a bank and credit union's financial condition and whether they are well capitalized?

Create a portfolio using the three stocks and information below:

(Do not round intermediate calculations. Record your answers in decimal form and round your answers to 4 decimal places. Ex. x.xxxx)

What is the variance of A?

What is the variance of B?

What is the variance of C?

What is the Correlation (A,A)?

What is the Correlation (B,B)?

What is the Correlation (C,C)?

What is the Covariance (A,A)?

What is the Covariance (A,B)?

What is the Covariance (A,C)?

What is the Covariance (B,A)?

What is the Covariance (B,B)?

What is the Covariance (B,C)?

What is the Covariance (C,A)?

What is the Covariance (C,B)?

What is the Covariance (C,C)?

What is the expected return on the portfolio above?

What is the variance on the portfolio above?

What is the standard deviation on the portfolio above?

Bill​ (age 42) and Molly Hickok​ (age 39), residents of​ Anchorage, Alaska, recently told you that they have become increasingly worried about their retirement.​ Bill, a public school​ teacher, dreams of retiring at 62 so they can travel and visit family.​ Molly, a​ self-employed travel​ consultant, is unsure that their current retirement plan will achieve that goal. She is concerned that the cost of living in Alaska along with their lifestyle have them spending at a level they could not maintain. Although they have a nice income of more than $100,000 per​ year, they got a late start planning for​ retirement, which is now just 20 years away. Bill has tried to plan for the future by contributing to his​ 403(b) plan, but he is only investing 6 percent of his income when he could be investing 10 percent. Use what they told you along with the information below to help them prepare for a prosperous retirement.

3. Given their projected Social Security and investment​ income, how much will Bill and Molly need to invest annually to make up their income​ shortfall? What is the annual additional funding requirement to reach their income goal? ​(Round to the nearest​ dollar.)

Bill​ (age 42) and Molly Hickok​ (age 39), residents of​ Anchorage, Alaska, recently told you that they have become increasingly worried about their retirement.​ Bill, a public school​ teacher, dreams of retiring at 62 so they can travel and visit family.​ Molly, a​ self-employed travel​ consultant, is unsure that their current retirement plan will achieve that goal. She is concerned that the cost of living in Alaska along with their lifestyle have them spending at a level they could not maintain. Although they have a nice income of more than $100,000 per​ year, they got a late start planning for​ retirement, which is now just 20 years away. Bill has tried to plan for the future by contributing to his​ 403(b) plan, but he is only investing 6 percent of his income when he could be investing 10 percent. Use what they told you along with the information below to help them prepare for a prosperous retirement.

4. If the Hickoks want their retirement income to increase annually by 3 percent then they need to increase the annual additional funding requirement to reach their income goal of to what amount?. ​(Round to the nearest​ dollar.)

Your firm is contemplating the purchase of a new $407,000 computer-based order entry system. The system will be depreciated straight-line to zero over its 5-year life. It will be worth $39,600 at the end of that time. You will be able to reduce working capital by $55,000 (this is a one-time reduction). The tax rate is 32 percent and your required return on the project is 16 percent and your pretax cost savings are $157,250 per year. Requirement 1: What is the NPV of this project? Requirement 2: What is the NPV if the pretax cost savings are $113,200 per year? Requirement 3: At what level of pretax cost savings would you be indifferent between accepting the project and not accepting it?

• IBM annual report for the fiscal year ended as on 2018 gives disclosures related to its management of foreign exchange risk under Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations on page no. 66 under the head Currency rate fluctuations and on page no. 67 Foreign Currency Exchange Rate Risk.
• Types of hedging instruments the company uses are forward contracts, futures contracts, interest rate swaps, cross currency swaps and options depending on underlying exposure.
  The company issues debt in the global capital markets to fund its operations and financing business. To manage these mismatches and to reduce overall interest cost, the company may use interest-rate swaps to convert specific fixed-rate debt issuances into variable-rate debt and to convert specific variable rate debt issuances into fixed-rate debt.
• The Company hedges net investments in foreign operations. A large portion of the company’s foreign currency denominated debt portfolio is designated as a hedge of net investment in foreign subsidiaries to reduce the volatility in stockholders’ equity caused by changes in foreign currency exchange rates in the functional currency of major foreign subsidiaries with respect to the U.S. dollar. The company also uses cross-currency swaps and foreign exchange forward contracts for this risk management purpose.

Pepsico is in the retail beverage industry. It has operations in over 200 countries and territories and employees 267,000 people (Pepsico, 2019). Just under half of those employees are in the United States.

Management of foreign exchange risks

            Pepsico discusses how they manage their foreign exchange risk in the Risk Management Framework section of their 10-K. 43% of their net revenues from last year came from operations outside of the United States (Pepsico, 2019). 2018 had an unfavorable foreign exchange, which reduces Pepsico’s net revenue by 1%. The unfavorable exchange came from the devaluing of Russian rubles, Turkish liras, and Brazilian reals against the US dollar.

            Pepsico manages their risk for fluctuation of exchanges rates through strategies that include global purchasing programs, productivity incentives and hedging. Any cash flows from risk reduction activities are included on their cash flow statement as operating activities.

Hedging types and instruments

            Pepsico’s strategies for hedging include using derivatives and debt instruments (Pepsico, 2019). The most common derivative they use are forward contracts with terms of no more than two years. The debt instruments utilized to maintain favorable interest rates are rate swaps, cross currency interest swaps, and treasury locks.

Effectiveness of foreign exchange hedges

            Pepsico has become more successful over the last several years effectively utilizing hedges. This can be seen when analyzing the foreign exchange loss. The better they become at predicting changes, the better hedge positions that can get on the market. In the end this will lead to smaller losses on foreign transactions and higher net revenue.

Required:

Discuss the differences noted in how IBM handles foreign exchange risk. Speculate as to why there are differences based on what has been researched about IBM and what was posted about Pepsico .

You are asked to evaluate the following two projects for the Norton corporation. Use a discount rate of 14 percent. Use Appendix B for an approximate answer but calculate your final answer using the formula and financial calculator methods. Project X (Videotapes of the Weather Report) ($20,000 Investment) Project Y (Slow-Motion Replays of Commercials) ($40,000 Investment) Year Cash Flow Year Cash Flow 1 $ 10,000 1 $ 20,000 2 8,000 2 13,000 3 9,000 3 14,000 4 8,600 4 16,000 a. Calculate the profitability index for project X. (Do not round intermediate calculations and round your answer to 2 decimal plac es.) b. Calculate the profitability index for project Y. (Do not round intermediate calculations and round your answer to 2 decimal places.) c. Which project would you select? Project X Project Y

Please use excel and demonstrate the formulae used.

A regional architecture/contractor firm purchased an HVAC unit for $25,000 that was expected to last 15 years. It has a salvage value of $0 in 10 more years. The annual operating cost of this unit started at $2,000 in the first year and has increased steadily at $250 per year ever since; last year the cost was $3,000. Its book value is now $13,000. They are building a new wing at their regional headquarters to accommodate a much larger computer design emphasis requiring larger, faster computers, architectural printers, e-storage for a construction repository of previous designs, and an increased human heat load. They can buy an additional unit to air-condition the new wing for $18,000. It will have a service life of 15 years, a net salvage of $0 at that time, and a $3,000 market value after 10 years. It will have annual operating costs of $1,800 in the first year, increasing at $100 per year. As an alternative, they can buy a new unit to heat and cool the entire building for $35,000. It will last for 15 years and have a net salvage of $0 at that time; however, it will have a market value of $8,500 after 10 years. It will have first-year operating costs of $3,700/year, increasing at $200 per year. The present unit can be sold now for $7,000. MARR is 11%percent, and the planning horizon is 10 years.

a) Clearly show the cash flow profile for each alternative using a cash flow approach (insider's viewpoint approach).
b) Using a PW analysis and a cash flow approach (insider's viewpoint approach), decide which one is the more favorable alternative.
c) Clearly show the cash flow profile for each alternative using an opportunity cost approach (outsider's viewpoint approach).
d) UsingaPWanalysisandanopportunitycostapproach(outsider'sviewpointapproach), decide which one is the more favorable alternative.

Your first assignment in your new position as an assistant financial analyst at Caledonia Products is to evaluate two new​ capital-budgeting proposals. Because this is your first​ assignment, you have been asked not only to provide a recommendation but also to respond to a number of questions aimed at assessing your understanding of the​ capital-budgeting process. This is a standard procedure for all new financial analysts at​ Caledonia, and it will serve to determine whether you are moved directly into the​ capital-budgeting analysis department or are provided with remedial training. The memorandum you received outlining your assignment​ follows:

​To: New Financial Analysts

​From: Mr. V.​ Morrison, CEO, Caledonia Products

​Re: Capital-Budgeting Analysis

Provide an evaluation of two proposed​ projects, both with 55​-year expected lives and identical initial outlays of $150,000. Both of these projects involve additions to​Caledonia's highly successful Avalon product​ line, and as a​ result, the required rate of return on both projects has been established at 14 percent. The expected free cash flows from each project are shown in the popup​ window:

1.What is the payback period on project​ A?

2.What is the payback period on project​ B?

3.What is the NPV of project​ A?

4.What is the NPV of project​ B?

5.What is the PI for project​ A?

6.What is the PI for project​ B?

7.What is the IRR for project​ A?

8.What is the IRR for project​ B?

2. What happens in a market when one side has more information than the other? How might this affect financial markets? Which side of a financial market is more likely to have better information than the other. How might this have affected the financial markets in the 2007-08 crash? What can be done to solve this problem? Could any of these solutions avoided the 2007-08 crash?