Question

Anyone who conducts and/or publishes research in the fields of economics, medicine, education, sociology, biology, criminal justice, psychology, (fill in your discipline here!), etc. is most likely not only familiar with the concept of a P-value, but has had research findings depend on it. Unfortunately, this is usually at the dismay of mathematicians and statisticians, as the P-value is not all it's cracked up to be. You will be investigated this for this week's discussion board.

1. In a brief paragraph, summarize what the P-value is, and how it is used to "strengthen" the findings in papers published in the fields listed above. Be sure to cite any sources that you pull from.
2. Search online for an article from the past 12 months that talks about how the P-value is misused, or if it should not be used anymore, or some other criticism of the use of the P-value method. Write a short paragraph summarizing the main points of the article, post the active link of the article so others can access it.
3. Present hypothesis testing problem (not from our textbook) that can be concluded using the P-Value method, But DO NOT solve it. A classmate will respond by solving your problem.

Answer 1

P value

P value is the probability that tells us about how much evidence we have to reject null hypothesis. A higher P value suggesting that we have not enough evidence to reject null hypothesis. Very small probability has higher evidence against the null hypothesis. For a given significance level alpha, we reject null hypothesis if P value less than alpha. Usually alpha = 0.05 , if P value < 0.05 then we reject null hypothesis.

Strengthen the findings in Research Papers

P value is very useful tool in the above listed research findings. To support the significance of our findings in the related research we need support from "statistical significant analysis" inorder to conclude whether the findings are significant or not. Here P value tells the significance.. a very small P value is significant and we can reject the null hypothesis..

Misused/Criticism

P value often considered the thresh hold 0.05 as golden criterion for significance. BUT REMEMBER THE 2 TYPE OF ERRORS ARE STILL VALID even if we decided a conclusion from P value. If we reject a null hypothesis based on a smaller p value doesn't guarantees the 100% assurance to accept the alternative hypothesis.

Link one

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5665734/

Link two

https://ijme.in/articles/the-science-in-the-p-value-need-for-a-rethinking/?galley=html

Example

An engineer measured the Brinell hardness of 25 pieces of ductile iron.The resulting data were:

170	167	174	179	179	187	169	183	179
163	163	156	187	156	167	156	174	170
183	179	174	179	170	159	187

The engineer hypothesized that the mean Brinell hardness of all such ductile iron pieces is greater than 165. Therefore, he was interested in testing the hypotheses:

H0 : μ = 165
HA: μ > 165

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