Question

A researcher provides the following research hypothesis: Those who attend church more frequently will be more likely to vote. a. What is the independent and dependent variable here? EXPLAIN. b. What “direction” is this relationship? EXPLAIN. c. Write an appropriate null hypothesis for this research hypothesis. 2. A researcher provides the following research hypothesis: Blacks will lend money more frequently to friends and family than will Whites. a. What is the independent and dependent variable here? EXPLAIN. b. What “direction” is this relationship? EXPLAIN. c. Write an appropriate null hypothesis for this research hypothesis. 3. A researcher is looking at the relationship between number of glasses of red wine per week and cholesterol levels. a. Write a possible research hypothesis for this relationship. b. Write out the null hypothesis. c. For the research hypothesis you wrote, identify which is the dependent and which is the independent variable. d. If the relationship between these variables is determined to be not significant, does he need to address his research hypothesis? 4. What do we use to evaluate, or test, our null hypotheses? What are the two decisions we can make about the null hypotheses when we test the null hypothesis. How do we make that decision? 5. If a researcher is at the 99% confidence level, what p value is he looking for in order to determine statistical significance. What is the most common confidence level? What p value do we look for in that case? What are the factors discussed in lecture that influence decisions about what confidence level to use?

Answer 1

(1)

a. What is the independent and dependent variable here? EXPLAIN.

Independent Variable: attend church more frequently

Dependent Variable: likely to vote

Explanation:

The variable, "attend church more frequently" is changed by the researcher and so it becomes independent variable.

The variable,"likely to vote" is the variable of interest to the researcher and it becomes the dependent variable.

b. What “direction” is this relationship? EXPLAIN.

The "direction" of the relationship is positive.

Explanation:
The researcher question is, " Those who attend church more frequently will be more likely to vote." and hence, the direction is positive.

c. Write an appropriate null hypothesis for this research hypothesis

H0: Null Hypothesis: (The average number of people who attend church is not greater than the average number of people who vote)

2.

a. What is the independent and dependent variable here? EXPLAIN.

The independent variable: Race ( Blacks or Whites)

The dependent variable: lend money to friends and family

Explanation:

The variable, "Race ( Blacks or Whites)" is changed by the researcher and so it becomes independent variable.

The variable," lend money to friends and family " is the variable of interest to the researcher and it becomes the dependent variable

b. What “direction” is this relationship?

The "direction" of the relationship is positive.

Explanation:
The researcher question is, " Blacks will lend money more frequently to friends and family than will Whites. " and hence, the direction is positive.

c. Write an appropriate null hypothesis for this research hypothesis.

H0: Null Hypothesis: (Blacks will lend money less than or equal to frequently to friends and family than will Whites.

3.

a. Write a possible research hypothesis for this relationship.

Answer:
HA: Research Hypothesis: The number of glasses of red wine per week and cholesterol levels are dependent

b. Write out the null hypothesis.

H0: Null Hypothesis: The number of glasses of red wine per week and cholesterol levels are independent

c. For the research hypothesis you wrote, identify which is the dependent and which is the independent variable.

Dependent Variable: cholesterol levels

Independent Variable: The number of glasses of red wine per week

d. If the relationship between these variables is determined to be not significant, does he need to address his research hypothesis?

If the relationship between these variables is determined to be not significant, fail to reject null hypothesis. The data do not support the claim that the number of glasses of red wine per week and cholesterol levels are dependent.So, if the relationship between these variables is determined to be not significant, he does not need to address his research hypothesis.

4. What do we use to evaluate, or test, our null hypotheses? What are the two decisions we can make about the null hypotheses when we test the null hypothesis. How do we make that decision?

Answer:
We use Chi Square Test of Independence of Categorical Variables to evaluate our null hypothesis. The two decisions we can make about the null hypotheses when we test the null hypothesis are: whether to Fail to reject the null hypothesis or to reject null hypothesis. If the calculated value of is less than critical value of , we fail to reject the null hypothesis. . If the calculated value of is greater than critical value of , we reject the null hypothesis.

5. If a researcher is at the 99% confidence level, what p value is he looking for in order to determine statistical significance. What is the most common confidence level? What p value do we look for in that case? What are the factors discussed in lecture that influence decisions about what confidence level to use?

If a researcher is at the 99% confidence level, p value = 0.01 is he looking for in order to determine statistical significance. The most common confidence level 95%. In that case, we look for p value = 0.05. The magnitude of risk involved in failure to reject the null hypothesis and the magnitude of risk involved in reject the null hypothesis are the factors discussed in lecture that influence decisions about what confidence level to use.