Question

1. Discuss the differences between the Einstein’s Theory of Relativity and Classical Physics Theory (i.e. Galileo and Newton, etc.)

2. Discuss the wave-particle duality of light and its implications. What are possible industrial applications?

Answer 1

What are the differences between Newton's laws and Einstein's theory of relativity?
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I am not going to go through the laws and maths here.

Newtons laws work - period. They explain and demonstrate everything we see and observe. It resolved many things and even was used to discover other planets in our solar system.

There was however planet Mercury in our solar system with a rotational issue. It did not matter what he did Newtons laws just could not figure out why its rotation around the sun did not add up. They even went looking for a new planet. which they did not find.

Alone comes Einstein with his relativity. Throws this new maths at the planet and hew presto problem solved. This cemented Einsteins theory of relativity into our history and science books.

However, interesting enough, Newtons laws worked for all other planets, and I cannot find any workings for Einsteins theories for working out the other planets. Just a point of interest. Readers if yo know of a link to these maths love to see and read them.

However, When we look at a moving objects at very fast speeds Einstein and relativity followers claim time and distances dilate and alter with the speed.

This began just before Mercury when a light experiment by Michelson and Morley. Their experiment had a very small error, but smaller than experimental error so it was rejected as no error.

But Einstein needed this error to be zero. So he applied Lorentz’s Transformation value to the experiment and hey presto the error vanished. By making the experiment shorter the error disappeared. However now with a shorter experiment time was wrong. So by applying the same transformation formula to time, time issue was resolved. This began his belief that at high speeds both length and time shrink.

hundreds of experiments have been done to disprove and even prove this theory. However they all came up with a null result. However conveniently that in the frame of reference one cannot notice a change in length so a null result is acceptable. So Einstein created a fool proof theory that can not be disproved.

Then throw the Planet Mercury solution into the mix and the theory became mainstream.

So two objects in space flying at each other at near light speed. Their times are shrunk but so is their distances between them so they crash into each other at the same rate as if the maths was not applied in the first place.

But we need light to observe. So my theory is that Einsteins relativity maths need to be used in reverse. We take what we see, reverse the maths to find out what the actual speeds and distances are.

So what is the the differences.

Newtons laws hold up to scrutiny.

Einsteins relativity needs you to forget common sense and accept what you can observe to be reality.

BTW the rotation of Mercury could be be resolved if it had an off centre core or its gravity was higher than anticipated. But we need to go back to the maths. A challenge for a physicist or maths person to work our Mercury real gravity base don its rotation around the sun.

Have fun.

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NEWTON WAS GREATER

A lot can be written on these differences, but I will briefly discuss the issue of Gravity.

Einsteinian Relativity requires lot of imagination to comprehend the ideas like space-time warping, sphaggettification, wormholes etc. Einsteinian Relativity is a great work of philosophy, which many people are claiming ( though Einstein himself did not made any such claim) that it explains every space of the Universe.

On the other hand Newton or the Laws that he discovered, does not make any such exhorbitant claims. Newton's Laws are no nonsense Laws. In his own words:

To explain all nature is too difficult a task for any one man or even for any one age. 'Tis much better to do a little with certainty, & leave the rest for others that come after you, than to explain all things by conjecture without making sure of any thing. - Sir Isaac Newton

Newton explained impact of Gravity but he did not know how it works. In his own words:

Gravity must be caused by an agent acting constantly according to certain laws.But whether this agent be material or immaterial, I have left to the consideration of my readers. - Sir Isaac Newton

Einstein made a little progress from this point and theorized according to his theory of General Relativity, that gravity is a natural consequence of a mass bending the fabric of space-time.

This was a bold guess, that it is proposing that spacetime can bend, even without properly explaining what space-time really is, or whether space-time physically exist out there or not. Never mind , Newton himself said:

No discovery was ever made without a bold guess - Sir Isaac Newton.

Since the great Albert Einstein said, let us assume that space-time is really bending. Can someine now explain, how exactly the mass is communicating to fabric of space to order it to bend.

If Newton had been alive, he would have never concluded with so much confidence that spacetime is warping, without mentioning the limitation of his theory to explain the mode of communication or describing the physical structure/ nature of spacetime.

However , the take home lesson from GR is that whether it bends or not, something called space-time fabric do exist.

And here is a bold understanding (or bold guess if you like) of mine : Mass is not seperate from spac-time fabric that it needs to communicate with it. Mass is a part of space-time fabric as moving geometry of charges. Here I will again quote Newton:

“A man may imagine things that are false, but he can only understand things that are true” - Sir Isaac Newton.

Although, both Newton and Einstein were great scientists and we should not compare great men. However , if I am ever compelled to do some kind of ranking, I will rate that Newton was much greater scientist than Einstein.

b)-
In physics and chemistry, wave-particle duality holds that light and matter exhibit properties of both waves and of particles. A central concept of quantum mechanics, duality represents a way to address the inadequacy of conventional concepts like "particle" and "wave" to meaningfully describe the behaviour of quantum objects. The idea of duality is rooted in a debate over the nature of light and matter dating back to the 1600s, when competing theories of light were proposed by Christiaan Huygens and Isaac Newton. Through the work of Albert Einstein, Louis de Broglie and many others, it is now established that all objects have both wave and particle nature (though this phenomenon is only detectable on small scales, such as with atoms), and that a suitable interpretation of quantum mechanics provides the over-arching theory resolving this ostensible paradox.
One example is the use of high energy (i.e. high velocity) neutron beams for crystallography: normally we think of neutrons as particles but in this case their wave behaviour is used to find the structure of materials via the neutron diffraction pattern analogous to x-ray diffraction.

Another is the photoelectric effect : electromagnetic radiation behaves as a particle (the photon) rather than a wave and knocks an electron free from its atom. This is the basis for photovoltaic solar panels.
And also..
Wave-particle duality is exploited in electron microscopy, where the small wavelengths associated with the electron can be used to view objects much smaller than what is visible using visible light.