Question

How algorithms address object-oriented classes and objects. What is the File object? How are File objects used in algorithms?

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Answer 1

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A file object allows us to use, access and manipulate all the user accessible files. One can read and write any such files.
When a file operation fails for an I/O-related reason, the exception IOError is raised. This includes situations where the operation is not defined for some reason, like seek() on a tty device or writing a file opened for reading.

Files have the following methods:

• open(): Opens a file in given access mode.

   open(file_address, access_mode) 

  Examples of accessing a file: A file can be opened with a built-in function called open(). This function takes in the file’s address and the access_mode and returns a file object.
  There are different types of access_modes:

  r: Opens a file for reading only
  r+: Opens a file for both reading and writing
  w: Opens a file for writing only
  w+: Open a file for writing and reading.
  a: Opens a file for appending
  a+: Opens a file for both appending and reading

  When you add 'b' to the access modes you can read the file in binary format rather than the default text format. It is used when the file to be accessed is not in text.

• read([size]): It reads the entire file and returns it contents in the form of a string. Reads at most size bytes from the file (less if the read hits EOF before obtaining size bytes). If the size argument is negative or omitted, read all data until EOF is reached.

• readline([size]): It reads the first line of the file i.e till a newline character or an EOF in case of a file having a single line and returns a string. If the size argument is present and non-negative, it is a maximum byte count (including the trailing newline) and an incomplete line may be returned. An empty string is returned only when EOF is encountered immediately.

Attributes:

• closed: returns a boolean indicating the current state of the file object. It returns true if the file is closed and false when the file is open.
• encoding: The encoding that this file uses. When Unicode strings are written to a file, they will be converted to byte strings using this encoding.
• mode: The I/O mode for the file. If the file was created using the open() built-in function, this will be the value of the mode parameter.
• name: If the file object was created using open(), the name of the file.
• newlines: A file object that has been opened in universal newline mode have this attribute which reflects the newline convention used in the file. The value for this attribute are “\r”, “\n”, “\r\n”, None or a tuple containing all the newline types seen.
• softspace: It is a boolean that indicates whether a space character needs to be printed before another value when using the print statement.

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