Question

1.Differentiate between hypertrophy, hyperplasia, anaplasia, and dysplasia.

2. How would severe kidney or liver damage affect blood levels of a drug?

3. Compare the characteristics of acute and chronic pain.

4. Explain the relationship between inflammation and infection.

5. List the local signs and symptoms of inflammation and identify the cause of each.

6. Which types of cells can regenerate? Name three types that cannot regenerate.

7. Compare three characteristics of a bacterium and a virus. Why are viruses so hard to control?

8.List three local signs of infection and three systemic signs, and explain what is causing these signs.

9. Describe two mechanisms by which antibacterial drugs act on microorganisms.

10. Why do most antibacterial drugs not destroy human cells?

Also need some references!

Answer 1

1. hypertrophy -enlargement of individual cells

hyperplasia -increase in cell number

dysplasia disordered growth of cells

anaplasia-the loss of the mature or specialized features of a cell or tissue.

2. The capacity of the liver to metabolise drugs depends on hepatic blood flow and liver enzyme activity, both of which can be affected by liver disease. In addition, liver failure can influence the binding of a drug to plasma proteins.

The physiologic perturbations associated with renal disease can have a pronounced effect on the kinetics of elimination of drugs and their metabolites from the body. ... Since severe renal disease causes a reduction in the plasma protein binding of many drugs, the metabolic clearance of such drugs will be increased

3. Acute pain can be mild and last just a moment, or it might be severe and last for weeks or months. Chronic pain is pain that is ongoing and usually lasts longer than six months.

4. Infection refers to the invasion and multiplication of a pathogen within the body, while inflammation is the body's protective response against infection. Inflammation is a complex process involving various types of immune cells, clotting proteins and signaling molecules, all of which change over time.

5. Inflammation is a process by which the body's white blood cells and substances they produce protect us from infection with foreign organisms, such as bacteria and viruses. ... In these diseases, called autoimmune diseases, the body's normally protective immune system causes damage to its own tissues.

Inflammation is the body's response to injury. ... Chronic inflammation has been linked to certain diseases such as heart disease or stroke, and may also lead to autoimmune disorders, such as rheumatoid arthritis and lupus. But a healthy diet and lifestyle can help keep inflammation under control.