Question

In the field of radiology and nuclear medicine there are different tests and procedures. Below is a chart of five procedures. Using a word processor, such as MS Word, create a chart similar to the one shown below. Complete the chart by first describing how the procedure works and then giving an example of how or why it is used.

Procedure:	Description of how it works:	Example of how/why it is used:
X-ray
Contrast dye with x-ray
MRI
Ultrasound
PET

Answer 1

Sl no	Diagnostic study	How it works?	Uses
1.	X-ray	when x-rays uses high energy electromagnetic waves which when come in contact with the body tissues, they produce an image on a metal film. Soft tissues such as skin and organs cannot absorb these high energy waves and allows to pass through the beam of light. Dense materials inside our body like bones, absorb the radiation. Black areas on x-ray shows soft tissues, and white areas represent dense materials	used to diagnose fractures, certain lung diseases like pneumonia , TB. In mammogram, x-rays are used to diagnose cancers of the breast used as radiation therapy for the treatment of cancers of skin, brain, lungs,prostrate and breast
2.	contrast dye with X-ray	A special dye called contrast material(usually iodine based) along with X-rays is needed to highlight the body being examined . The contrast material blocks x-rays and appear white on images which can help to emphasize blood vessels, intestines or other structures. Usually given by mouth or through intravenous route In cardiac catherization- eamines for coronary artey blockages, barium swallow studies to examine esophagus and swallowing disorders	Can detect complex bone / joint probles such as fractures and tumours Can help to locate tumour, blood clot, excess fluid /infection helps to assess effectiveness of various treatment modalities(eg; chemotherapy effectiveness)
3	MRI	Magnetic Resonance Imaging uses a magnetic field and computer generated radio waves to create detailed images of organs, tissues within the body	MRI helps to evaluate organs of the chest and the abdomen- heart, liver, spleen, pancreas, biliary tract evaluate lesions of brain and spinal cord including tumors and degenerative disorders evaluate pelvic organs such as uterus and ovaries in females, prostrate gland in males evaluate blood vessels and lymph nodes
4	UltraSonoGraphy	Uses sound waves to produce pictures inside the body. The ultrasound machine transmits high frequency (1-5 mHZ) into the body using a probe. The sound waves travel through the body and hit a boundary between tissues( eg: between fluid and soft tissue, soft tissue and bone). The reflected waves are picked up by the probe and relayed to the machine. Safer than X-ray and CT scan because no ionizing radiations are used	commonly used for procedures such as abdominal scans,- to investigate reasons for pain, nausea, voming,abnormal sounds and lumps Used to examine the growth and well-being of fetus in a pregnant woman
5	Positron Emission Tomography	Is an imaging technique that uses radioactive substances to visualize and assess metabolic process of the body Radioactive materials are injected into the body which get trapped in between the tissues ( depends upon the area which has to be scanned). The nucleus of this radio-active materials emit positrons which combine with neighbouring electrons to produce gamma rays . These gamma rays are recorded as 3-D images by computer program and are reconstruct images for the material concentration within the body	used for detecting cancers, metastases and the efficacy of cancer treatment Helps to reveal areas of decreased blood flow to the heart Helps to diagnose and manage many central nervous system disorders such as alzhemier's disease, parkinsonism, epilepsy, depression and head trauma