Question

Pittman Company is a small but growing manufacturer of telecommunications equipment. The company has no sales force of its own; rather, it relies completely on independent sales agents to market its products. These agents are paid a sales commission of 15% for all items sold.

Barbara Cheney, Pittman’s controller, has just prepared the company’s budgeted income statement for next year as follows:

Pittman Company Budgeted Income Statement For the Year Ended December 31
Sales				$	23,500,000
Manufacturing expenses:
Variable	$	10,575,000
Fixed overhead		3,290,000			13,865,000
Gross margin					9,635,000
Selling and administrative expenses:
Commissions to agents		3,525,000
Fixed marketing expenses		164,500	*
Fixed administrative expenses		2,100,000			5,789,500
Net operating income					3,845,500
Fixed interest expenses					822,500
Income before income taxes					3,023,000
Income taxes (30%)					906,900
Net income				$	2,116,100

*Primarily depreciation on storage facilities.

As Barbara handed the statement to Karl Vecci, Pittman’s president, she commented, “I went ahead and used the agents’ 15% commission rate in completing these statements, but we’ve just learned that they refuse to handle our products next year unless we increase the commission rate to 20%.”

“That’s the last straw,” Karl replied angrily. “Those agents have been demanding more and more, and this time they’ve gone too far. How can they possibly defend a 20% commission rate?”

“They claim that after paying for advertising, travel, and the other costs of promotion, there’s nothing left over for profit,” replied Barbara.

“I say it’s just plain robbery,” retorted Karl. “And I also say it’s time we dumped those guys and got our own sales force. Can you get your people to work up some cost figures for us to look at?”

“We’ve already worked them up,” said Barbara. “Several companies we know about pay a 7.5% commission to their own salespeople, along with a small salary. Of course, we would have to handle all promotion costs, too. We figure our fixed expenses would increase by $3,525,000 per year, but that would be more than offset by the $4,700,000 (20% × $23,500,000) that we would avoid on agents’ commissions.”

The breakdown of the $3,525,000 cost follows:

Salaries:
Sales manager	$	146,875
Salespersons		881,250
Travel and entertainment		587,500
Advertising		1,909,375
Total	$	3,525,000

“Super,” replied Karl. “And I noticed that the $3,525,000 equals what we’re paying the agents under the old 15% commission rate.”

“It’s even better than that,” explained Barbara. “We can actually save $108,100 a year because that’s what we’re paying our auditors to check out the agents’ reports. So our overall administrative expenses would be less.”

“Pull all of these numbers together and we’ll show them to the executive committee tomorrow,” said Karl. “With the approval of the committee, we can move on the matter immediately.”

3. Determine the dollar sales at which net income would be equal regardless of whether Pittman Company sells through agents (at a 20% commission rate) or employs its own sales force.

Answer 1

a.	Break-even point in dollar sales						15,942,500
	BEP(dollar sales) =		fixed expense/contribution margin ratio
			Fixed cost				6,377,000
			Contribution margin				40.0%
b)	Break even point in dollar sales						18,220,000
c)	Break even point in dollar sales						20,618,737
2)	Voulme of sales (in dollars)						26,857,143
	(Target income before taxes +fixed expense)/contribution margin
3)	Voulme of Sales (in dollars)						27,335,200
	X =	total evenue
	.65 X + 6,377,000=		.525x +9,793,900
		0.125	x	=		3,416,900
			x =	27335200
4)
a)	Degree of operating leverage						3.11
b)	Degree of operating leverage						4.45
c)	Degree of operating leverage						8.16
	degree of operating leverage = contribution marging/income before taxes

working:

			15% comm		20% comm		7.5% comm
Sales			23,500,000	100%	23,500,000	100%	23,500,000	100%
Variable expenses:
manufacturing			10,575,000		10,575,000		10,575,000
comissions (15%;20%,7.5%)			3,525,000		4700000		1762500
total variable expense			14,100,000	60.0%	15,275,000	65.0%	12,337,500	52.5%
contribution margin			9,400,000	40.0%	8,225,000	35.0%	11,162,500	47.5%
fixed expenses
manufacturing overhead			3,290,000		3,290,000		3,290,000
marketing			164,500		164,500		3,689,500
administrative			2,100,000		2,100,000		1,991,900
interest			822,500		822,500		822,500
total fixed expense			6,377,000		6,377,000		9,793,900
income before income taxes			3,023,000		1,848,000		1,368,600
income taxes (30%)			906900		554400		410580
net income			2,116,100		1,293,600		958,020
increase in fixed expense-marketing							3,525,000
saving in administrative expense							-108100