Question

1 explain and give an example of how a true predator, grazer, a parasite, and a parasitoid can affects the fecundity and survival ot their prey.

2 what is coevolution?, how does it impact a predator? how does it imapct the prey? what is the result of coevolution?

actually this question from ecology chapter, but it is part of biology.

Answer 1

A true predator is one that kills and eats another living thing. Predators may hunt actively for prey in pursuit predation, or sit and wait for prey to approach within striking distance in ambush predation. Examples :- A predator is an organism that eats another organism. The prey is theorganism which the predator eats. Some examples of predator and prey are lion and zebra, bear and fish, andfox and rabbit.

*** Grazing is a method of feeding in which a herbivore feeds on plants such as grasses, or other multicellular organisms such as algae. Examples:- Herbivore – Same as a grazer, an animal that eats only plant materials. Ocean Grazer – A grazer is any animal that relies on herbivory (feeds on plants) as its primary food source.Examples of ocean grazers include herbivorous reef fish and wana (sea urchins), some land-based grazersinclude deer, horses and rabbits.

• Intra?guild predation (IGP) – where a top predator (IGPred) consumes both a basal resource and a competitor for that resource (IGPrey) – has become a fundamental part of understanding species interactions and community dynamics. IGP communities composed of intraguild predators and prey have been well studied; however, we know less about IGP communities composed of predators, pathogens, and resources. Resource quality plays an important role in community dynamics and may influence IGP dynamics as well.
• coevolution occurs when two or more species reciprocally affect each other's evolution. Charles Darwin mentioned evolutionary interactions between flowering plants and insects in On the Origin of Species.
• Conflicting coevolution is expected for most types of predator-prey or consumer-resource interactions, because increases in prey defenses will decrease benefits to predators, and increases in predatoreffectiveness will be detrimental to prey
• The coevolution of the two mutually imposes selective pressures. These often lead to an evolutionary arms race between prey and predator, resulting in antipredator adaptations. The same applies to herbivores, animals that eat plants, and the plants that they eat