Question

what are 3 sources of errors during land survying other than natural, personal and instrumental (not types) ?

Answer 1

Surveying Errors

Errors in surveying may arise from three main sources:

1. Instrumental: Surveying error may arise due to imperfection or faulty adjustment of the instrument with which measurement is being taken. For example, a tape may be too long or an angle measuring instrument may be out of adjustment. Such errors are known as instrumental errors.

2. Personal: Error may also arise due to want of perfection of human sight in observing and of touch in manipulating instruments. For example, an error may be there in taking the level reading or reading and angle on the circle of a theodolite. Such errors are known as personal errors.

3. Natural: Error in surveying may also be due to variations in natural phenomena such as temperature, humidity, gravity, wind, refraction and magnetic declination. If they are not properly observed while taking measurements, the results will be incorrect. For example, a tape may be 20 meters at 200C but its length will change if the field temperature is different.

There are no other sources of errors except above three...

Types of Surveying Errors

Ordinary errors in surveying met with in all classes of survey work may be classified as:

1. Mistakes
2. Accidental errors
3. Systematic or cumulative errors
4. Compensating errors PLEASE LIKE SIR...