Question

1. Which of the following is true about monocot plants (mark all that apply)?
   1. Many of them have a fibrous root system
   2. They are a sub-group within the angiosperm group of plants
   3. They tend to have broad leaves for photosynthesis
   4. They tend to be CAM plants

2. What structures and functions are involved with keeping a plant upright?
   1. A glue-like material is deposited in the cell plate—the middle lamella
   2. As the plant cell vacuole expands, it exerts turgor pressure on the cell wall
   3. The plasmodesmata that traverses a strand of ER
   4. Roots coming off of the Basal–apical axis

3. Plants continuously lose water through the process of transpiration, via osmosis, the plant cells are able to obtain more water, which of following statements are true about osmosis (mark all that apply)?
   1. Osmosis does not require an energy input
   2. Osmosis involves the movement of water towards the direction of higher solute concentration
   3. Only plants cells use osmosis
   4. Water moving into the cell from osmosis may go through aquaporins

4. Which of the following statements are true about xylem and phloem, the vascular tissues of plants (mark all that apply)?
   1. Phloem is responsible for transporting food throughout the plant
   2. Phloem tissue is only found in the bark of the tree
   3. Water can move up through the xylem tissue through the process of cohesion
   4. Xylem sap in trees is usually under negative pressure

5. What statements are true regarding an essential element for plant growth (mark all that apply)?
   1. An element that cannot be biosynthesized
   2. An element that is required for the plant to complete its life cycle, and cannot be replaced by another element
   3. An element obtained from the environment
   4. An element that cannot be degraded by a decomposer

6. Why are nitrogen-fixing bacteria important for plant functioning?
   1. Without them there would be too much buildup of nitrogen in the soil
   2. Nitrogen would not be able to be released to the atmosphere without them
   3. They provide food for the plant roots
   4. They provide protection for the plant roots from harmful bacteria
   5. They are able to convert N₂ from the air to ammonia (NH₃) so that the plant can take up this nitrogen

7. Select all of the examples of plant hormones (mark all that apply).
   1. Auxin
   2. Adrenaline
   3. Oxytocin
   4. Ethylene
   5. Cytokinins

8. What is the major mechanism that leads to seed germination?
   1. The photoperiod of the days getting longer will induce seed germination
   2. Seeds will germinate once nitrogen fixing bacteria arrive
   3. Seeds will germinate once the temperature reaches a certain threshold
   4. Seeds will germinate when light reaches the blue-light receptors of the seedling
   5. Seeds will germinate when the pH of the soil reaches 7

9. A perfect flower is analogous to which kind of animal?
   1. An animal that has co-evolved
   2. An animal that only feeds on plants
   3. A primary consumer
   4. A hermaphroditic animal
   5. An animal that asexually reproduces

10. When a flower is fertilized it undergoes double fertilization, what does this mean?
    1. The pollen releases two sperm and they both fertilize the egg making a triploid seed
    2. The pollen releases two sperm and one fertilizes the synergids and the other fertilizes the egg
    3. The pollen releases two sperm and one fertilizes the egg while the other fertilizes the central cell with two polar nuclei which makes triploid endosperm
    4. The pollen releases two sperm and one fertilizes the synergids and the other fertilizes the central cell with two polar nuclei which makes triploid endosperm

11. In what ways do secondary pant metabolites protect the plant from herbivores (mark all that apply)?
    1. They can affect the nervous system of the herbivore
    2. They can mimic insect hormones
    3. They can damage the digestive tract of the herbivore
    4. They can cause a thick waxy cuticle growth to physically protect the plant

12. How do plants sense herbivore damage?
    1. Membrane signaling and chemical signaling
    2. Through a protein cascade
    3. Mechanical touch
    4. Hormones being released at the site of the attack

13. How can learning reduce uncertainty in the environment and ultimately improve fitness?
    1. An animal can learn to avoid a high predation area and therefore increase survival and offspring production
    2. Learning is not very costly so it can be used on a regular basis
    3. Learning will always increase the number of successful matings
    4. Animals can modify their behavior based on experience to increase survival and number of offspring

14. What is the difference between classical conditioning and operant conditioning?
    1. Operant conditioning is a form of complex learning while classical conditioning is not
    2. Classical conditioning is known to be learning through “trial and error”, while operant conditioning involves pairing two different stimuli
    3. Classical conditioning is more cognitively costly in comparison to operant conditioning

1. With operant conditioning it is the result of action that is associated with the behavior that produced the result, while classical conditioning involves a pairing of an unconditional stimulus with a conditional stimulus

15. Why is it likely that we see more examples of forms of simple learning in animals (mark all that apply)?
    1. These forms of learning are not very costly in terms of cognitive load
    2. Animals are not intelligent enough to performing complex learning tasks
    3. Animals are unable to store what they have learned into long term memory
    4. There are trade-offs with learning and the energy saved from not performing complex learning tasks can be invested directly into survival and reproduction instead

16. Select Niko Tinbergen’s 4 levels of inquiry for studying animal behavior (mark all that apply)?
    1. Causation
    2. Development
    3. Proximate question
    4. Function
    5. Evolution
    6. Behavioral Ecology
    7. Sociobiology

17. If a task is not ecologically relevant for an animal, would you expect this animal to have high levels of learning and memory in relation to this task?
    1. Yes
    2. No

18. What is the difference between a signal and a cue?
    1. A cue is always unreliable
    2. A cue is always dishonest
    3. A signal is specific and incurs a cost to the sender to it is likely to be reliable and honest
    4. A signal is only profitable for the sender
    5. A signal cannot be switched “on” or “off”

19. If a signal was no longer reliable then what would you predict would happen to it over evolutionary time?
    1. Because it is costly to produce it should be selected against if it is no longer reliable
    2. Animals will continue to use it for deception
    3. Cheaters in the population will continue to use it
    4. It will still be used for information in the form a cue

20. What sensory cues do pigeons use to determine the direction to fly in (mark all that apply)?
    1. Magnetic fields
    2. The sun
    3. Smell
    4. UV light
    5. The wind
    6. Biological clock
21. Under natural selection at the level of the individual, can cooperation evolve?
    1. Yes, because there are no costs associated with cooperating
    2. No, because one individual will cheat during the cooperation
    3. No, because there is tension between the relationship
    4. Yes, because both individuals are benefitting and this outweighs the cost of the behavior

22. How is cooperation different from reciprocal altruism?
    1. Reciprocal altruism can’t be explained by natural selection
    2. Cooperation occurs in a relatively short time frame and both individuals benefit, while reciprocal altruism involves a cost to produce a benefit for another individual
    3. Reciprocal altruism doesn’t lead to benefits for both individuals involved in the long run
    4. Cooperation involves more than two individuals, while reciprocal altruism only involves two individuals

23. According to Hamilton’s rule an altruistic behavior should occur if…
    1. B*r > C
    2. C*r > B
    3. B > C
    4. C < B
    5. B*C > r

24. Inclusive fitness theory includes what components (mark all that apply)?
    1. Direct fitness
    2. Indirect fitness
    3. Survival
    4. Reproduction of own offspring
    5. Reproduction of offspring from an individual that was helped

25. According to kin selection why should siblings stay back and help raise offspring as opposed to going out on their own to produce their own offspring (mark all that apply)?
    1. They will gain more fitness from helping raise siblings instead of raising their own offspring
    2. In harsh environments the fitness may be zero if they go out on their own, but if they stay back and help they can still gain fitness through inclusive fitness
    3. There is a high amount of relatedness between the individual and the sibling so there is an opportunity to gain a lot of inclusive fitness
    4. The cost is not very high to help raise the siblings

26. Benefit from the dilution effect / Reduce the domain of danger from predators / Increased predation success / Increased predator detection / More effective at signaling / Less inbreeding occurs / There is a low amount of parental care needed

    Circle the benefits from group living below

Answer 1

1.a and b are true.

a) Many of them have a fibrous root system

b)They are a sub-group within the angiosperm group of plants

Most monocots have a fibrous root system consisting a mass of similarly sized roots. In monocots , the radicle is short lived and is replaced by a mass of adventitious roots which are roots that form on organs other than roots. Most monocots eg, grasses have a fibrous root system. Because of these roots arise not from preexisting roots, but from the stem, they are said to be adventitious roots. The adventitious roots of monocots are very extensive and cling teasily to soil particles.

The angiosperms have divided into two groups: the monocots and the dicots. These terms derive from the number of seed leaves, or cotyledons , the plants have upon germination. So these two statements are true.

But  CAM is an adaptation to dry conditions, plants using CAM often display other xerophytic characters, such as thick, reduced leaves with a low surface-area-to-volume ratio; thick cuticle, and stomata sunken into pits.Monocots have narrow leaves with parallel veins, and dicots have broad leaves with a network of veins. And the two are incorrect.

2. A,B,C are correct, D is incorrect.

Because The middle lamella is a layer of sticky material, also containing pectin, which serves as “glue” to hold adjacent cells together and help transport in upright plant.

Turgor pressure is the force within the cell that pushes the plasma membrane against the cell wall. In plants, this helps  the water moving from the low concentration solute outside the cell, into the cell's vacuole.

Plasmodesmata form an important route for communication between plant cells. They regulate cell-to-cell communication, thus enabling the differentiation of plant organs and tissues in upright plant.

Most of the plant embryo develops from the apical  (terminal) cell. Upright cotyledons can give the embryo a torpedo shape, and the apical-basalpattern (organization of organs along the apical-basal axis) and the apical meristems are located at the growing tips of the adult plant.So the upright plant have follows apical basal pattern.

3.A,D are correct, B,C are incorrect. Explanantion:

Active transport is a process that uses energy from respiration. Diffusion and osmosis don't require the cell to expend any of its own energy, as they are passive processes.

Osmosis is the diffusion of water molecules across a semipermeable membrane from an area of lower concentration solution (i.e., higher concentration of water) to an area of higher concentration solution (i.e., lower concentration of water). Water moves into and out of cells by osmosis.

osmosis. ... An example of osmosis is when red blood cells, which have a high concentration of protein and salt, are placed in a lower concentration fluid like water, the water will rush into the red blood cells.

Osmosis does occur through permeable membranes, but large, bulk flow of water can be mediated by protein channels called aquaporins.

4. A, B, C, D are correct.

Phloem is responsible for transporting food produced from photosynthesis from leaves to non-photosynthesizing parts of a plant such as roots and stems

In trees, the phloem is the innermost layer of the bark

Cohesion (water sticking to each other) causes more water molecules to fill the gap in the xylem as the top-most water is pulled toward the stomata.

The resulting surface tension causes a negative pressure or tension in the xylem that pulls the water from the roots and soil.

5. A,B, C,and D are correct.

Plants are unique among most other organisms, In addition to organic molecules, plants require mineral nutrient elements that are essential for their growth and development and it  cannot complete its life cycle if this element is lacking, the element cannot be replaced by another element, and the element has a distinct function and structure.

Twenty elements are considered essential for plant growth because they are involved in metabolic functions required in the life cycle of the plant. Some, like carbon (C), oxygen (O), and hydrogen (H), can come from the air. Nitrogen (N) is made available to the plant from the air and soil.

Decomposers are organisms that break down dead or decaying organisms, but they can not ingest nutrients - they are unable to absorb them.

6.E is correct.

Nitrogen Fixation- Special bacteria convert the nitrogen gas (N2 ) to ammonia (NH3) which the plants can use. - Nitrification- Nitrification is the process which converts the ammonia into nitrite ions which the plants can take in as nutrients.

7. A,D,E are correct.

The ratio of auxin to cytokinin plays an important role in the effect of cytokinin on plant growth. When cytokinin and auxin are present in equal levels, the parenchyma cells form an undifferentiated callus. More cytokinin induces growth of shoot buds, while more auxin induces root formation.Auxins play a cardinal role in coordination of many growth and behavioral processes in plant life cycles and are essential for plant body development.

8. C and D are correct.

The optimum pH for bedding plant seed germination is not known, although a pH of 5. The  temperatures of 100 and 120°C applied to mature seeds of may break their innate dormancy, thus stimulating their subsequent germination. Germination in dry seeds, however, showed very low germination when subjected to high temperatures.

9. D is correct

Perfect flowers are those that have both male (stamen) and female (pistil) reproductive structures. They produce both male and female gametes and they are capable of receiving male gametes (pollen) from other flowers. ... Other perfect flowers still rely on cross-pollination for reproduction.

10. D is correct

The pollen tube cell grows into a pollen tube through which the generative cell travels. ... Of the two sperm cells, one sperm fertilizes the egg cell, forming a diploid zygote; the other sperm fuses with the two polar nuclei, forming a triploid cell that develops into the endosperm.

11. D is correct

The first line of defense in plants is an intact and impenetrable barrier composed of bark and a waxy cuticle. Both protect plants against herbivores. Other adaptations against herbivores include hard shells, thorns (modified branches), and spines (modified leaves).

12.A is correct

Damaged-self recognition occurs when plants perceive molecular signals of damage: degraded plant molecules or molecules localized outside their original compartment.

13. A and D are correct.

Behavioral actors  and movement can also allow animals to identify  themselves, insects mimic the motion of plants in the wind to avoid detection, and the mimic octopus takes on the shape of dangerous or unpalatable animals to deter predators

14.D is correct

Both classical conditioning and operant conditioning are processes that lead to learning. Classical conditioning pairs two stimuli, while operant conditioning pairs behavior and response. ... Also, classical conditioning always works with involuntary responses, while operant conditioning works with voluntary behaviors.

15. C is correct

The  animals have no long-term memory of arbitrary events,Based on the new study, they can not be stored information for a long time.

16. E and F are correct.

Tinbergen defined four major categories for explanations of animal behavior: mechanism, adaptive value, ontogeny, and phylogeny.

17. D is correct

18. A is correct

When pigeons cannot see the sun they use a magnetic compass. The use of compass cues to select and maintain a direction of flight is well understood compared with the uncertainty surrounding the nature of the cues used to determine the home direction when pigeons are released at an unfamiliar site.

19. D is correct

20. A is correct

Hamilton devised a formula—now called Hamilton's rule—that specifies the conditions under which reproductive altruism evolves: r × B > C where B is the benefit (in number of offspring equivalents) gained by the recipient of the altruism, C is the cost (in number of offspring equivalents) suffered by the donor.

21. D is correct

Inclusive fitness, theory in evolutionary biology in which an organism's genetic success is believed to be derived from cooperation and altruistic behavior.

22. A and B are correct

Kin selection is the evolutionary strategy that favours the reproductive success of an organism's relatives, even at a cost to the organism's own survival and reproduction.