Question

Driver Gender	Type of phone used
	Hand-held	Hands-free	Neither	Total
	%	%	%	Count
Male	1.3	0.4	98.3	10068
Female	0.5	0.4	99.1	6976

Consider Table 1 consisting of survey data (in percentage) in a country from drivers on mobile phone usage while driving. Is there any association between gender and whether a driver uses a mobile phone? Show your solution step-by-step with the required details of each step. Also, clearly state the type of the test (parametric or non-parametric), and the name of the test performed in your solution.

Note: Based on the last step of your analysis, please state in appropriate words, the finding of your test inside the box provided on the next page.

Driver Gender	Type of phone used			Total
	Hand-held	Hands-free	Neither
Male				10068
Female				6976
Total

Answer 1

First we calculate frequencies of each cell

	Hand Held	Hands free	Neither	Total
Male	131	40	9897	10068
Female	35	28	6913	6976
Total	166	68	16810	17044

For checking association between gender and a driver uses a mobile phone while driving, we used chi-squared independent test (Parametric test)

Hypothesis:

Null hypothesis: Assumes that there is no association between the two variables.

Alternative hypothesis: Assumes that there is an association between the two variables.

Now Expected value of each cell

	Hand Held	Hands free	Neither	Total
Male	98.06	40.17	9929.77	10068
Female	67.94	27.83	6880.23	6976
Total	166	68	16810	17044

98.06 = 166*10068/17044 ; 40.17 = 68*10068/17044 ; 9929.77 = 16810*10068/17044 and so on

After calculating the expected value, we will apply the following formula to calculate the value of the Chi-Square test of Independence:

Where O is observed frequency and E is ecpected frequency

Degree of freedom is calculated by using the following formula:
DF = (r-1)(c-1)
Where
DF = Degree of freedom
r = number of rows
c = number of columns

By conparing the chi-squared table value and test statistic value we reject null hypothesis, that is accept alternative

Conlusion:

Assumes that there is an association between these two variables, that is there is association between gender and a driver uses a mobile phone while driving.