A crate of mass 9.0 kg is pulled up a rough incline with an initial speed of 1.52 m/s. The pulling force is 90 N parallel to the incline, which makes an angle of 20.8

C3H8 + 5O2 ---> 3CO2 + 4H2O

How many grams of carbon dioxide are produced from the reaction of 100.0g of propane? How many molecules of carbon dioxide are produced?

Cl2O7 + H2O ---> 2HClO4

How many grams of water are needed to react completely with 77.6 g of dichlorine heptaoxide? How many molecules of water are needed?

How does theory affect practice in counseling?

Suppose there are only two goods in the economy, apples and oranges, and the market basket used to complete the CPI is 8 apples and 4 oranges. Assume the base year is 2018 and suppose you have the following information about prices: January 1, 2018: Price for an apple= $1 Price for an orange= $1 January 1, 2019: Price for an apple= $1.02 Price for an orange= $1.08 Consider an individual receives a fixed income of $36 on January 1st, 2018 and used this to buy 24 apples and 12 oranges.

1. Suppose their income is indexed to the CPI. How much will they receive on January 1, 2019?

2. Since oranges are relatively more costly than apples on January 1, 019, the fixed income recipient may decide to consume more apples. Suppose they choose to consume 30 apples. How many oranges will they consume?

3. Are they happier with the 2018 allocation or the 2019 allocation? Explain.

In your internship with Lewis, Lee, & Taylor Inc. you have been asked to forecast the firm's additional funds needed (AFN) for next year. The firm is operating at full capacity. Data for use in your forecast are shown below. Based on the AFN equation, what is the AFN for the coming year? Last year's sales = S0 $200,000 Last year's accounts payable $50,000 Sales growth rate = g 40% Last year's notes payable $15,000 Last year's total assets = A0* $102,500 Last year's accruals $102,500 Last year's profit margin = PM 20.0% Target payout ratio 25.0%

You throw a penny (m = 2.5 g) with an initial speed of 9.4 m/s at 25◦ above the horizontal. At the maximum height of your thrown penny’s path another penny, traveling straight upward, collides and bounces off of your penny. The speed of the second penny at the moment of collision was 4.1 m/s. a) Determine the maximum height your thrown penny reaches as a result of this collision. b) How far, horizontally, does your penny travel before reaching the ground (assume that the penny was thrown from the ground). Hint: Make sure to account for BOTH directions at ALL times.)

Consider the word CAT

a) What would the hexadecimal representation of this word be in ASCII?

c) If we rotated the bits that represent this word 8 bits to the right, what would the word become (in letters)?

d)  If we rotated the bits that represent CAT 8 places to the left, what would the word become (in letters)?

e) What would the results be (in letters) if we XORed the bits that represent CAT with the hexadecimal value 20 20 20?

f) What would the results be (in letters) if we XORed the bits that represent CAT with the hexadecimal value 13 08 13?

relationship=input('Enter the relationship status: ') #taking input from user
income=int(input('Enter the income of the user: '))
if relationship.lower()=="single":
income>=30000:
rate=0.25
else:
rate=0.1
if relationship.lower()=="married": #function to covert upper case to lower case,in case user gives the input in caps
if income>=60000:
rate=0.25
else:
rate=0.1
tax=income*rate   
print("Status: {}\nIncome: {}\nTax: {}".format(relationship,income,tax))

Fix this code so it prit out married or single status and the user income

Describe 3 topics or concepts that are of your interests that you would like to get
more details and have a better understanding for business info system
Please answer the following questions:
1. List the top 3 concepts of topics of your interests
2. Describe the reasons of interests
3. Describe the impact and/or implications that you think these concepts may have on your study, activities anr/or work.

Please be descriptive and provide concrete details/explanation.

This is in C++ Write a program that reads a string consisting of a positive integer or a positive decimal number and converts the number to the numeric format. If the string consists of a decimal number, The program must use a stack to convert the decimal number to the numeric format. I keep getting an error around line 31 stating that there is an undefined function stObj.push(*it - 48); -- any help to fix my error would be helpful, thank you in advance.

Here is my code:

#include <iostream>
#include <string>
#include <stack>
#include <math.h>
using namespace std;

//main method
int main()
{
   //Declare local variables
   string input;
   double number = 0;
   int index = 0;

   //declare the stack of type integer
   stack<int> stObj;

   //prompt and read the input number
   //of type string
   cout << "Enter a decimal number:";
   cin >> input;

   //declare iterator
   string::iterator iterObj = input.begin();

   //push the number into the stack
   //increment the index of the stack
   while (*iterObj != '.' && iterObj != input.end())
   {
       //push into the stack
       stObj.push(*it - 48);
       iterObj++;
       index = index + 1;
   }

   //compute the integral part of the number
   for (int i = 0; i < index; i++)
   {
       number = number + (stObj.top()*pow(10, i));
       stObj.pop();
   }

   //consider the fractional part
   index = -1;
   if (iterObj != input.end())
   {
       //increment the interator for the memory address
       iterObj++;
   }
   //compute the fractional part to number
   while (iterObj != input.end())
   {
       number = number + ((*iterObj - 48)*pow(10, index));
       index = index - 1;
       iterObj++;
   }
   //Display the decimal number
   cout << "The numeric format: " << number << endl;
}

A ballplayer catches a ball 3.2 s after throwing it vertically upward. With what speed did he throw it? What height did it reach?

The molar solubility of PbCl2 in 0.20 M Pb(NO3)2 solution is:
(a) 1.7 x 10-4 M
(b) 9.2 x 10-3 M
(c) 1.7 x 10-5 M
(d) 4.6 x 10-3 M
(e) 8.5 x 10-5 M

Please show all work

The population mean income of US residents is $50,000 with a standard deviation of $20,000. Suppose that we sample 300 US residents and calculate the sample mean.

a) What distribution does the sample mean follow? WHY? Write using proper notation.

b) Find the probability that the mean of our sample is less than $49,000

c) Suppose we sample 3,000 US residents instead. Find the probability that the mean of the sample is less than $49,000. Explain why this probability is smaller.

Read the following and answer the questions.

INTRODUCTION

Oral cavity is an open growth system with an uninterrupted introduction and removal of microbes and their nutrients. It offers diverse habitats where-in different species of micro-organisms can prosper. The primary requisite for any group of microbes to flourish in a niche is their ability to adhere to the tooth surfaces and multiply in shielded environments like periodontal pockets and tooth crevices. Such an aggregation of microbes on tooth surfaces has been traditionally referred to as ‘plaque’ because of its yellowish color, reminiscent of mucosal plaques caused by syphilis.

Dental plaque has been defined as “a specific but highly variable structural entity consisting of micro-organisms and their products embedded in a highly organized intercellular matrix.” It represents a true biofilm consisting of a variety of micro-organisms involved in a wide range of physical, metabolic and molecular interactions. The cooperative nature of a microbial community provides advantages to the participating organisms such as a broader habitat range for growth, enhanced resistance to antimicrobial agents and host defenses and enhanced pathogenicity.[1]

Biofilms have been implicated as the chief culprit in the etiopathogenesis of dental caries and periodontal disease. Though uncalcified biofilms can be removed by routine oral hygiene aids or professional dental instruments, they have the potential to calcify into dental calculus making their removal difficult. Hence, these biofilms pose a great challenge to the dental clinician in the control and eradication of biofilm-associated diseases.

HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE

Biofilms are nothing new. The first description dates back to the 17^thcentury, when Anton Von Leeuwenhoek - the inventor of the Microscope, saw microbial aggregates (now known to be Biofilms) on scrapings of plaque from his teeth.

The term ‘Biofilm’ was coined by Bill Costerton in 1978.

In 2002, Donlan and Costerton offered the most salient description of a biofilm. They stated that biofilm is “a microbially derived sessile community characterized by cells that are irreversibly attached to a substratum or interface or to each other, embedded in a matrix of extracellular polymeric substances that they have produced, and exhibit an altered phenotype with respect to growth rate and gene transcription.”[2]

WHAT IS A BIOFILM?

The term Biofilm (Wilderer and Charaklis 1989) describes the relatively indefinable microbial community associated with a tooth surface or any other hard non-shedding material, randomly distributed in a shaped matrix or glycocalyx.[2]

In the lower layers of a biofilm, microbes are bound together in a polysaccharide matrix with other organic and inorganic materials. Above it, is a loose amorphous layer extending into the surrounding medium. The fluid layer bordering the biofilm has stationary and dynamic sub layers.

FORMATION OF A BIOFILM

Formation of a biofilm is a complex process that follows several distinct phases, beginning with adsorption on to the tooth surface of a conditioning film derived from bacterial and host molecules, which forms immediately following tooth eruption or tooth cleaning. This adsorption is followed by passive transport of bacteria mediated by weak long-range forces of attraction. Covalent and hydrogen bonds create strong, short-range forces that result in irreversible attachment.

The primary colonizers form a biofilm by autoaggregation (attraction between same species) and coaggregation (attraction between different species). Coaggregation[4] results in a functional organization of plaque bacteria and formation of different morphologic structures such as Corncobs and Rosettes. The microenvironment now changes from aerobic/capnophilic to facultative anaerobic. The attached bacteria multiply and secrete an extracellular matrix, which results in a mature mixed-population biofilm.

After one day, the term Biofilm is fully deserved because organization takes place within it. Transmission occurs from other sites, leading to incorporation of new members into the biofilm and the formation of a climax community. The thickness of the plaque increases slowly with time, increasing to 20 to 30 μm after three days.

Four stages of dental plaque biofilm growth (as shown in Figure 1)

Stage I - Attachment (lag - not inert, but metabolically reduced)

Stage II - Growth (log - exponential growth)

Stage III - Maturity (stationary)

Stage IV - Dispersal (death)

PROPERTIES OF BIOFILMS

Biofilms are ubiquitous; they form on virtually all surfaces immersed in natural aqueous environments. A biofilm confers certain properties to bacteria that are not seen in the planktonic state, a fact that justifies recognition of dental plaque as a biofilm.

A major advantage is the protection that biofilm provides to the colonizing species from competing micro-organisms, environmental factors such as host defense mechanisms and potentially toxic substances like lethal chemicals or antibiotics. Biofilms also facilitate processing and uptake of nutrients, cross feeding and removal of potentially harmful metabolic products through the voids or water channels between the micro-colonies, acting as a primitive circulatory system.[1] They also create an appropriate physicochemical environment such as a properly reduced oxidation reduction potential.

An important characteristic seen in Biofilm-associated bacteria is Quorum sensing, or cell density mediated gene expression.[5] This involves the regulation of expression of specific genes through the accumulation of signaling compounds that mediate intercellular communication. Quorum sensing may give biofilms their distinct properties. Eg.- Expression of genes for antibiotic resistance at high cell densities may provide protection. It also has the potential to influence community structure by encouraging the growth of species beneficial to the biofilm and discouraging the growth of competitors.

Another important characteristic of biofilm associated bacteria is the gene transfer[6] through which bacteria communicates with each other. In S. mutans, quorum sensing is mediated by competence stimulating peptide, wherein genes are responsible for multiple functions - biofilm formation, competence and acid tolerance.

Biofilm related Regulation of gene expression has been shown in certain bacteria. eg. Exposure of S. gordonii to saliva results in induction of genes that mediate host surface binding and coaggregation with P. gingivalis and Actinomyces. Similarly, genes encoding glucan and fructan synthesis are differentially regulated in Biofilm-associated S. mutans.

MECHANISM OF INCREASED ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE IN BIOFILMS

Organisms in a Biofilm are 1000-1500 times more resistant to antibiotics than in their planktonic state. The mechanisms[2] of this increased resistance differ from species to species, antibiotic to antibiotic and for biofilms growing in different habitats. This antibiotic resistance in bacteria is thought to be affected by their nutritional status, growth rate, temperature, pH and prior exposure to sub-effective concentrations of antimicrobial agents. Another important mechanism appears to be the slower rate of growth of bacterial species in a biofilm, which makes them less susceptible to bactericidal antibiotics. Biofilm matrix can resist diffusion of antibiotics. Eg. strongly charged or chemically highly reactive agents can fail to reach the deeper zones of the biofilm as it acts as an ion exchanger in removing such molecules from solution.

‘Super-resistant’ bacteria have been identified within a biofilm, which have multidrug-resistance pumps that can extrude antimicrobial agents from the cell. Since these pumps place the antibiotics outside the outer membrane, the process offers protection against antibiotics that target cell wall synthesis. Above mentioned observations are critical to the use of antimicrobials in the treatment of Biofilm-associated infections.[7]

BIOFILMS AND INFECTIOUS DISEASES

Biofilms have been found to be involved in a wide variety of microbial infections (by one estimate 80% of all infections). These include dental caries, periodontal disease, otitis media, musculoskeletal infections, necrotizing fascitis, biliary tract infection, osteomyelitis, bacterial prostatitis, native valve endocarditis, meloidosis, cystic fibrosis pneumonia and peri-implantitis. Salient features of these infections are persistence and chronicity.[2]

What is biofilm and why can it be so dangerous?  

What is quorum sensing?  Discuss quorum sensing in terms of biofilm development?  

Explain the phrase, “dentistry focuses on biofilm.”

Consider the language L over alphabets (a, b) that produces strings of the form aa* (a + b) b*a.

a) Construct a nondeterministic finite automata (NFA) for the language L given

b) Construct a deterministic finite automaton (DFA) for the NFA you have constructed