Question

Briefly identify and explain the significance of any 5 of the following items. A
short paragraph (2-4 sentences) should be sufficient in nearly all cases. In the case of a
quotation, please identify the author and explain what theory or principle it illustrates or
exemplifies.

10. Apatheia.
11. Emotivism.
12. Alison Jaggar.
13. “To be truthful and honest in all declarations is a sacred and unconditionally
commanding law of reason that admits of no expediency whatsoever.”
14. “A man should be willing, when others are so too, as far forth as for peace and
defense of himself he shall think it necessary, to lay down this right to all things;
and be contented with so much liberty against other men, as he would allow other
men against himself.”
15. Summum bonum
16. Hedonism
17. “The question is not, ‘Can they reason?’ nor, ‘Can they talk?’ but rather, ‘Can
they suffer?’”
18. Phillipa Foot.
19. Ayn Rand.
20. ”Two things fill the mind with awe, the starry heavens above and the moral law
within.”

Answer 1

10. Apatheia means freedom from emotions. In stoicism, it refers to the state where an individual is no longer disturbed by emotions. He is not indifferent to these passions but rather compose and stable.

11. Emotivism in metaethics means that noral judgements are not facts but feelings. It was conceptualized by A. J. Ayer in his 1936 book Language, Truth and Knowledge. The concept was further developed by Charles Stevenson in 1945 in his book Ethics and Language.

12. Alison Jaggar is an American Feminist philosopher who is credited with introducing feminism in philosophy. She teaches philosophy and gender studies at University of Colorado. Her famous work is ​​​​​​Feminist Politics and Human Nature published in 1983.

16. Hedonism is the pursuit of pleasure and self indulgence. It is a school of thought that has a viewpoint focused on pleasure and avoiding suffering. They consider it as the only component of well being.

19. Ayn Rand was a Russian-American philosopher. She was also a writer and wrote two famous novels titled Fountainhead and Atlas Shrugged. She also developed the theory of objectivism.