Question

Problem Set 1: Based on Craik and Lockhart (1972)’s levels of processing theory, a teacher wanted to see if the levels of processing impact memory performance in third grade children. All children participated in all conditions (which were counterbalanced) by studying 10 words in each condition. In one condition, the children were simply asked to judge the physical characteristics of each printed word (physical), in another condition the children were asked about the sound of each word (sound), in a third condition, children were required to process the meaning of each word (meaning), and in the fourth condition, the children were required to relate the word to themselves. After going through   their weekly list of words, they were given a surprise memory test where they had to write down the words they had been practicing that week. The number of correctly recalled words for each type of processing is shown in the table below. Did level of processing affect recall? Physical Sound Meaning 2 2 4 1 3 4 2 2 4 1 3 5 2 3 5 2 3 4 3 4 5 1 2 4 2 3 3 3 3 3 1 2 3 2 2 3 3 3 4 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 4 2 3 3 Paste appropriate SPSS output. Paste appropriate SPSS graph, formatted in APA. Write an APA-style Results section based on your analysis. It should include the statistical statement within a complete sentence that mentions the type of test conducted, whether the test was significant, and if relevant, effect size and/or post hoc analyses. Don’t forget to include a decision about the null hypothesis and refer the reader to your Figure 1.

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Answer 1

Based on the given data,

We have to test the effect of the three given levels of processing on recall.If it affects recall, then the outcome ( No. of words correctly recalled) due to the levels of processing would differ significantly.

Let denote the mean no. of words recalled using Physical,sound and meaning method of processing.

To test: Vs H_a : At least one pair of means differ

The statistical tool appropriate for this purpose is one way ANOVA:

Using SPSS,

Enter the data in the data view in the following format:

The levels are coded as follows:

Running one way ANOVA,

The outputs obtained are as follows:

The p vale for the test obtained, 0.000 < 0.05, is significant at 5% level.We do not have sufficient evidence to support the null hypothesis.Hence reject H₀ at 5% level.Therefore the means of no. of words recalled correctly using different levels of precessing differ significantle.It is evident from the means plot obtained in the output.

To futher investigate, which among the means differ, a post hoc test is conducted which produced significant results ( p values < 0.05) for all pairs of means.We thus, find a significant difference among all the three methods.

We may claim that level of processing does affect recall.

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