What were the conditions necessary to advance astronomical knowledge from Copernicus to Newton? How did they develop during the seventeenth century?

There queer gangs of young Socialists, youths and girls (Nazis),.... They strike one as strange. something primitive, like loose roving gangs of broken, scattered tribes...as if everything and everybody recoiled from the old unison, as barbarians lurking in a wood recoil out of sight�

A box of textbooks of mass 25.0 kg rests on a loading ramp that makes an angle α with the horizontal. The coefficient of kinetic friction is 0.23 and the coefficient of static friction is 0.36.

A) As the angle α is increased, find the minimum angle at which the box starts to slip. Express your answer using two significant figures.

B) At this angle, find the acceleration once the box has begun to move. Express your answer using two significant figures.

C) At this angle, how fast will the box be moving after it has slid a distance 4.9 m along the loading ramp? Express your answer using two significant figures.

6a) The work function of a clean tungsten surface is 4.50 eV. Find the speed of the fastest electrons emitted from a tungsten surface when light of 5-eV photon energy shines on the surface.

You hike up to the top of Granite Peak in the Trinity Alps to think about physics.

1. Do you have more potential or kinetic energy at the top of the mountain than you did at the bottom? Explain.
2. Do you have more, less, or the same amount of energy at the top of the mountain than when you started? (Let’s assume you did not eat anything on the way up.) Explain.
3. How has the total energy of the Solar System changed due to your hike up the mountain? Explain.
4. If you push a rock off the top, will it end up with more, less, or the same amount of energy at the bottom? Explain.
5. For each of the following types of energy, describe whether you gained it, you lost it, or it stayed the same during your hike:
   1. Gravitational potential energy
   2. Energy stored in the atomic nuclei in your body
   3. Heat energy
   4. Chemical potential energy stored in the fat cells in your body
   5. Sound energy from your footsteps
   6. Energy given to you by a wind blowing at your back

List out at least 3 uses for an RC circuit and explain how the RC would affect the use.

3. (15 pts) Consider a second-order dynamic system composed of the classical spring, mass, and damper, with spring constant k , mass m , and damping constant c .

a) Generate expressions for the undamped natural frequency ω n and the damping ratio ζ in
terms of k , m , and c .

b) If the spring constant k is increased, but m and c are unchanged, predict whether ω n will increase, decrease, or remain the same. Justify.

c) If the spring constant k is increased, but m and c are unchanged, predict whether ζ will increase, decrease, or remain the same. Justify.

In the figure, three connected blocks are pulled to the right on a horizontal frictionless table by a force of magnitude T3 = 16.0 N. If m1 = 18.3 kg, m2 = 22.0 kg, and m3 = 35.3 kg, calculate (a) the magnitude of the system's acceleration, (b) the tension T1, and (c) the tension T2.

Please answer and provide an explanation with the necessary formula. Thank you in advance,

1. A 200kg block slides down a rough inclined plane of length 2.5m inclined at 20 degrees. At the bottom of the plane the speed of the block is 3.15 m/s. Initially the block was at rest. What is the change in the internal energy of the system? What is the frictional force?

2. A sled at rest in snow seated with two children with total mass of 50kg. You pull the sled with a rope that makes an angle of 42 degrees with the horizontal. The coefficient of kinetic friction is 0.150 and the tension in the rope is 150 N. What is the speed of the sled after it has moved through 3.5m?

3. Oxygen gas has a molar mass of 32 g/mol and carbon dioxide has a molar mass of 44.05 g/mol. What is the rms speed of the oxygen molecule at 300? If the carbon dioxide molecule has the same rms speed as oxygen molecule, what is the temperature of the carbon dioxide molecule?

4. A U tube contains a liquid of unknown density. An oil of density 800 kg m/s is poured into the tube in one of the arm and the oil column is 12 cm high. The air interface is 5 cm above the liquid level in the other. What is the density of the liquid?

5. A uniform ladder of weigh 75 N leans against a frictionless vertical wall. The foot of the ladder is 2.5m away from the wall. The length of the ladder is 5m. A fireman of weigh 700 N is on the ladder at a distance of 4m along the ladder. What is the magnitude and direction of the force exerted by the floor and ladder?

n = 2.35 mol of Hydrogen gas is initially at T = 322 K temperature and p_i = 2.86×10⁵ Pa pressure. The gas is then reversibly and isothermally compressed until its pressure reaches p_f = 8.33×10⁵ Pa. What is the volume of the gas at the end of the compression process?

How much work did the external force perform?

How much heat did the gas emit?

How much entropy did the gas emit?

What would be the temperature of the gas, if the gas was allowed to adiabatically expand back to its original pressure?

3. A 98.0 kg hockey player skating at 2.12 m/s 32° S of W is body checked by an 87.0 kg opponent who is skating at 1.40 m/s 42° N of E. They collide inelastically and stick together. a. What is the velocity of the pair immediately after the collision? Solve using both methods. .

Trig. Method (include a vector diagram)

Component Method (show all work)

b. Determine the impulse imparted to the 98.0 kg player. Show a complete vector diagram and label your answer.

c. From what you know about Impulse, what would the Impulse for the 87.0 kg player be? Provide both magnitude and direction. (you need not calculate if you understand the concepts)

d. State what you found out for questions b and c above and justify your results using I = Favg t. State any of the appropriate Newton’s Laws to help explain. No calculations are necessary. Simply justify what you found out from (b) and (c) by using the other equation for Impulse, I = Favg t.

• Part I: Light Beams

  In Part I(b), as you moved the focal point from 50 to 200 on the optical axis, the lens  ---Select--- became fatter did not change shape became slimmer .
  
  In Part I(c), the reason the colored rays are dispersed so that you can see individual colored rays is because the  ---Select--- index of polarization index of reflection index of refraction is different for each color of the spectrum.
  
  This phenomenon is referred to as  ---Select--- immersion dispersion specular reflection of light.

• Part II: Ray Diagram

  Step 1
  
  What is the object distance?

• 200

• 100   

• 50

  
  Knowing that the focal point is at 50, calculate the image distance.

• 200

• 100   

• 50

  
  Step 2
  
  What is the object distance?

• 300

• 150    

• 50

  
  What is the calculated image distance?

• 100

• 75    

• 50

  
  Step 3
  
  When you moved the object along the optical axis progressively closer to the lens, you saw the rays change and an image appeared to the left of the object. Complete the following sentences for the image that appeared to the left of the object.

  (a) The image was  ---Select--- virtual real .
  (b) The image distance was  ---Select--- positive negative neither positive nor negative .

Give an example of how the 1st Law of Thermodynamics relates to metabolism in humans