Question

1. What is epistemology?

2. What is metaphysics?

3. What are the different areas of value theory?

4. What are the major characteristics of the sensible realm?

5. What are the major characteristics of the intelligible realm?

6. What are the different states of mind listed in Plato’s divided line?

7. What is rationalism?

8. What does it mean to say that Descartes engages in hyperbolic doubt? What is the purpose of doubt on his view?

Answer 1

Epistemology, the philosophical study of the nature, origin, and points of confinement of human knowledge. The term is gotten from the Greek epistēmē ("knowledge") and logos ("reason"), and in like manner the field is some of the time alluded to as the theory of knowledge. Epistemology includes a long history inside Western philosophy, starting with the old Greeks and proceeding to the present. Alongside metaphysics, rationale, and morals, it is one of the four primary parts of philosophy, and about each extraordinary philosopher has added to it.

Metaphysics is the part of philosophy that looks at the fundamental idea of reality, including the relationship among mind and matter, among substance and quality, and among potentiality and actuality

The expression "value theory" is utilized in any event three unique courses in philosophy. In its broadest sense, "value theory" is a trick all name used to include all parts of good philosophy, social and political philosophy, style, and once in a while women's activist philosophy and the philosophy of religion — whatever territories of philosophy are regarded to envelop some "evaluative" viewpoint. In its tightest sense, "value theory" is utilized for a generally limited territory of regulating moral theory especially, however not solely, of worry to consequentialists. In this thin sense, "value theory" is generally synonymous with "axiology". Axiology can be thought of as basically worried about grouping what things are great, and how great they are. For example, a customary inquiry of axiology concerns whether the objects of value are emotional mental states, or target conditions of the world.

Be that as it may, in a progressively helpful sense, "value theory" assigns the zone of good philosophy that is worried about hypothetical inquiries regarding value and integrity everything being equal — the theory of value. The theory of value, so construed, envelops axiology, yet in addition incorporates numerous different inquiries regarding the idea of value and its connection to other good classes. The division of good theory into the theory of value, as standing out from different regions of examination, cross-cuts the customary order of good theory into standardizing and metaethical request, yet is a commendable refinement in its very own right; hypothetical inquiries concerning value establish a center area of enthusiasm for good theory, frequently cross the limits between the regularizing and the metaethical, and have a recognized history of examination. This article overviews a scope of the inquiries which come up in the theory of value, and endeavors to force some structure on the territory by including a few perceptions about how they are identified with each other.

Our knowledge is divided between that which we increase through our senses, or sensible [or sensory] knowledge – what I can see and hear and so forth – and that which we know mentally, intelligible knowledge or the realm of thoughts, that which I think. In Plato's hierarchy, sensible/tactile knowledge is flawed and a minor shadow or portrayal of True knowledge.

The divided line is a visual similitude for Plato's ontological (and epistemological) perspective on the Universe. Reality is divided into two fundamental parts: the imperceptible, perpetual realm of universals (or Ideas likewise once in a while called Forms), and the unmistakable, regularly changing realm of points of interest (i.e., physical articles). Every one of these two realms might be sub-divided giving us four realms of being and perception. The most reduced locale is the realm of pictures (eikones) or impressions of physical articles which are cognized through the personnel of creative energy (eikasia). Next is the realm of physical articles which are cognized through conclusion or trust (pistis). The following dimension is the realm of numerical items (or what we would call dynamic thoughts) which are cognized through insight (dianoia). At long last there is the realm of thoughts which are cognized through reason (noesis). These four realms speak to the ontological hierarchy of Plato's center metaphysics.

In philosophy, rationalism is the epistemological view that "sees reason as the chief source and trial of knowledge" or "any view speaking to reason as a source of knowledge or justification".