Question

A newspaper publisher trying to pinpoint his market's characteristics wondered whther the way people read a newspaper is reated to the reader's educational level. A survey asked adult readers which section of the paper they read first and asked to report their highest educational level. These data were recorded (column 1 = First section read where 1 = Front page, 2=sports, 3=educational level where 1 = did not complete high school, 2 = High school graduate, 3 = university or college graduate, and 4 = postgraduate degree). What do these data tell the publisher about how educational level affects the way adults read the newspaper?? Can I see this performed in excel or steps to do so?

Section	Education
4	2
2	2
4	2
4	3
4	2
1	4
1	3
1	2
4	1
2	2
2	3
4	3
2	2
4	1
2	3
3	3
4	3
1	3
3	3
4	2
1	4
2	4
1	2
2	2
1	2
2	1
2	2
3	3
1	4
3	3
1	2
1	4
2	4
3	3
4	2
3	3
1	4
1	2
2	2
2	3
1	3
2	1
3	3
4	2
3	3
4	2
2	2
1	4
4	2
3	3
1	2
2	2
4	2
3	2
3	3
2	2
2	3
3	4
4	2
4	2
2	3
1	3
3	3
4	1
3	3
2	1
4	2
1	3
1	3
4	1
2	1
2	1
3	2
3	2
2	1
3	3
3	4
1	4
4	2
4	2
1	3
4	3
4	3
4	2
1	3
1	3
2	1
2	1
1	3
3	4
4	2
2	1
3	3
2	1
4	2
4	2
2	2
4	2
4	2
2	2
3	3
2	2
2	1
1	3
1	4
1	2
3	2
3	3
2	2
3	2
4	3
4	2
4	3
3	2
1	3
3	2
4	3
1	2
4	2
1	2
4	2
4	1
2	1
3	4
2	2
1	3
1	3
2	1
2	1
2	1
1	3
3	4
2	3
3	4
1	1
2	3
1	1
3	3
1	4
3	2
4	2
4	3
3	4
3	4
4	3
4	2
3	4
3	3
3	3
2	2
4	2
3	2
4	4
4	1
1	3
1	3
4	3
2	2
4	3
1	4
3	2
3	3
3	3
3	3
3	4
2	1
2	1
2	1
2	3
4	1
2	1
1	2
2	3
2	1
3	3
2	2
3	3
3	4
3	2
3	4
3	3
3	3
2	3
3	2
2	3
3	3
4	2
3	2
1	4
2	1
3	4
3	2
3	2
2	2
1	3
4	2
1	3
3	3
1	2
2	2
1	3
3	4
4	2
4	2
1	3
3	4
4	3
4	3
1	2
4	3
4	2
3	4
4	3
3	3
1	4
3	4
1	4
1	2
3	3
3	2
2	2
4	2
4	4
4	2
4	2
2	1
2	2
2	1
2	2
2	2
4	1
3	3
1	3
1	1
3	3
3	3
2	2
1	2
3	3
3	4
4	4
1	3
3	4
2	2
4	1
4	2
2	3
1	2
1	2
3	3
4	2
3	3
2	3
2	3
1	3
3	2
1	3
3	1
2	1
1	3
1	2
4	3
1	2
4	2
2	3
3	3
4	2
1	3
4	3
3	4
4	2
3	2
2	2
4	1
4	3
4	3
2	2
1	2
2	2
1	3
1	1
3	3
2	2
4	2
2	1
3	4
4	3
3	3
3	3
2	2
4	2
2	3
3	4
1	3
3	3
2	3
3	3
1	3
2	2
1	3
3	2
2	1
4	3
4	2
3	2
1	2
2	2
1	4
4	2
2	1
1	2
2	3
4	2

Answer 1

The hypothesis to be tested is:

H0: The educational level does not affect the way adults read the newspaper

H1: The educational level affects the way adults read the newspaper

The test statistics is defied as follows:

Where e is the expected frequency value and f is the observed frequency.

Alpha = 0.05

Using EXCEL Add in > Real statistics > Data Analysis Tools > Misc > Chi-square test for independence

Input: Select both the columns

Input format: Standard format

ok

OUTPUT:

	Chi-square summary data
		Education
		1	2	3	4
Section	1	4	21	31	14	70
	2	27	32	18	2	79
	3	1	20	42	22	85
	4	10	44	22	3	79
		42	117	113	41	313

Expected Values
	1	2	3	4	Total
1	9.392971	26.16613	25.27157	9.169329	70
2	10.60064	29.53035	28.52077	10.34824	79
3	11.40575	31.77316	30.6869	11.13419	85
4	10.60064	29.53035	28.52077	10.34824	79
Total	42	117	113	41	313

Chi-Square Test
SUMMARY		Alpha	0.05
Count	Rows	Cols	df
313	4	4	9
CHI-SQUARE
	chi-sq	p-value	x-crit	sig	Cramer V
Pearson's	86.61541	7.76E-15	16.91898	yes	0.303714
Max likelihood	88.94883	2.65E-15	16.91898	yes	0.307778

Since chi-square test is significant with p=value of 7.76E-15 and chi-square value of 86.61541. We can reject the null hypothesis and accept the alternate hypothesis that the education level affects the way adults read the newspaper.

Please like the solution if it helps you. Thanks you