Fischer Esterification: Synthesis of Isoamyl Acetate (Banana Oil)

4)

a) What is the role of sulfuric acid in the reaction?

b) Why is the mixture extracted with sodium bicarbonate? Your answer should include a chemical equation to explain why gas bubbles are observed and identify the gas.

c) What is brine and why is it used?

2. Industrial humidifiers has two inlet streams – 1. liquid water and 2. drier air. The entering liquid water stream flows at 5.31 mol/min. The component flow rate of air in the drier air stream is 44.3 mol/min. The exiting streams consist of a wetter air stream and a liquid water stream. The exiting liquid water stream contains 34.5% of the entering liquid water. The outlet streams are in vapor liquid equilibrium at 42.8oC and 786 mmHg.
a) Draw the process flow diagram, number the streams, and label the species in each stream.
b) Find the component mass flow rates (kg/min) of all four streams.
c) The pressure of the outlet streams decrease by 5%, will the mole fraction of water in the wetter air increase, decrease, stay the same? Justify your answer.

The following questions were not following an experiment. They are able to be answered without more information.

2. In free-raducal halogenation reaction, one can predict the relative amounts of the possible products using a simple equation: (probability factor to form a given product)x(reactivity factor)=relative amount of that product For example: consider the monochlorination of propane. Two products are possible: 1-chloropropane and 2- chloropropane. Replacing any of the six 1 hydrogen gives 1- chloropropane and replacing either of the two 2 hydrogens will give 2- chloropropane. Therefore, the probability factor for forming 1- chloropropane is 6 and the probability factor forming 2- chloropropane is 2. The relative reactivity factors for chlorine are, for 1, 2, and 3 C-H bonds, 1.0, 3.5, and 5.0, respectively. If butane is subjected to free-radical chlorination, what would be the relative ratios of 1- chlorobutane and 2- chlorobutane?

3. Calculate the relative product ratios for the free-radical bromination of butane. The reactivity factor for 1, 2, and 3 C-H bonds with bromine are 1.0, 82, and 1600, respectively.

4. Calculate the relative ratios of products for the monochlorination of 2-methylpropane. Remember to determine how many ways a particular product could be produced (how many different hydrogens could be replaced to give the same product). Hint: Drawing out the starting material and the possible products may be helpful.

5. Calculate the relative ratios of products for the monochlorination of 2,4-dimethylpropane. Remember to determine how many ways a particular product could be produced (how many different hydrogens could be replaced to give the same product). Hint: Drawing out the starting material and the possible products may be helpful.

1. Wet air containing 60.4 mol% of pure water at 82.5˚C is fed to a dehumidifier at a rate of 185 mol/hr. Outlet of the dehumidifier consists of 2 streams – one stream of drier air and the other stream is pure liquid water. The outlet streams are in vapor-liquid equilibrium at 812 mmHg and 31.7oC.
a) Draw the process flow diagram, number the streams, and label the components in each stream.
b) Find the component mole flow rates (mol/hr) exiting the dehumidifier.
c) If the temperature of the inlet wet air increases by 10oC, will the molar flow rate of liquid water exiting the dehumidifier increase, decrease, or stay the same? Justify your answer.

calculate the Ag+ ion concentration in terms of pAg during the titration of 50.00 ml of 0.500 M NaCl with 0.1000 M AgNO3 after addition of the following volumes if reagent:

a) in the pre-equivalent point regim at 10.00 ml

b) at the equivalent point (25.00ml)

c) after the equivalent point at 26.00 ml.

Rsp AgCl= 1.82x10^(-10).

1. There are three parts to this question. 2 moles of gaseous PCl5, are heated at 502 K till equilibrium is reached at a total pressure of 1 atm. (a) Calculate the composition at equilibrium and also the percentage of PCl5 decomposed at 502 K. (KoP = 0.46). (b) If the pressure of the system given in part (a) is raised to 10 atm at the same temperature of 502 K, calculate the percent of PCl5 decomposed. Compare your results in part (a) and part (b) and explain the significance of increasing the pressure of the system for the decomposition of PCl5. (c) If the system already contains 1 mole of Cl2 in addition to the 2 moles of PCl5, calculate the percent of PCl5 decomposed. The equilibrium pressure under this condition is 1 atm.

Identify the following as Lewis acids or bases. For a polyatomic molecule, you should be concerned with the central atom, e.g., the nitrogen in NH3

b. Co2+

d. N(CH3)3

e. BBr3

f. AlCl3

g. K+

h. Ca2+

i. Hg2 2+

A 20.00 mL solution of 0.100 M HCOOH (formic) was titrated with 0.100 M KOH. The Ka for the weak acid formic is 1.40 x 10-5. a. Determine the pH for the formic prior to its titration with KOH. b. Determine the pH of this solution at the ½ neutralization point of the titration. c. Identify the conjugate acid-base pair species at the ½ neutralization point.

A student forgot to read the label on the jar carefully and put potassium chloride in a crucible instead of potassium chlorate to be heated. How would the results turn out?

7. Calculate the pH of the following salt solutions

a) 0.388 M LiC₂H₃O₂

b) 0.369 M CH₃NH₃NO₃

c) 0.194 M LiClO₄

A beaker with 140 mL of an acetic acid buffer with a pH of 5.00 is sitting on a benchtop. The total molarity of acid and conjugate base in this buffer is 0.100 M. A student adds 4.40 mL of a 0.310 M HCl solution to the beaker. How much will the pH change? The pKa of acetic acid is 4.760.Express your answer numerically to two decimal places. Use a minus (-) sign if the pH has decreased.

A beaker with 105 mL of an acetic acid buffer with a pH of 5.000 is sitting on a benchtop. The total molarity of acid and conjugate base in this buffer is 0.100 M. A student adds 8.70 mL of a 0.490 M HCl solution to the beaker. How much will the pH change? The pKa of acetic acid is 4.740.

Which of the following are characteristics of cholesterol?

1) It is a weakly amphipathic, rigid substance.
2) It is the precursor for all steroidal hormones.
3) It packs neatly with the fatty acid tails of membrane bilayers.
4) It is part of the lipid family of biomolecules.

A beaker with 155 mL of an acetic acid buffer with a pH of 5.000 is sitting on a benchtop. The total molarity of acid and conjugate base in this buffer is 0.100 M. A student adds 5.20 mL of a 0.460 M HCl solution to the beaker. How much will the pH change? The pKa of acetic acid is 4.740. Express answer numerically to two decimal places. Use a minus sign if the pH has decreased.