What are the prerequisites for confounding to occur? What is a confounding effect?

Expert Solution

some prerequsites must be linked with occuring of confounding

association of confounding factor with exposure and outcome .......The confounding factor must be associated with both the outcome and the risk or exposure.
unequal distribution .......The confounding factor must be distributed unequally among the groups that has to be compared.
where to come.......A confounder cannot be an intermediary step in the causal pathway from the outcome and exposure.

As per the standard defination...

Confounding is a situation in which the association between an exposure and the outcome is altered or distorted by the presence of some variable.

Nightingale answered 2 years ago

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