Question

1. Describe the structure of a water molecule. Explain WHY one end of the molecule is negative with respect to the other end.

   • Describe several (at least three) properties of water that make it so vital for living things. Focus on properties and examples that are relevant to the human body.

1. What are enzymes and why are they important? Be sure to include the following in your answer:

   • Compare and contrast hydrolytic enzymes to enzymes that do dehydration synthesis

   • What does denature mean? In other words, how is an enzyme’s shape related to its function?

2. Answer each of the following questions about the macromolecules/organic molecules found in the body

   • What are the four types of macromolecules that make up the human body?  

   • What are the monomers that make up each macromolecule type?

   • What are the major functions for each macromolecule type in the human body?

   • Explain whether each macromolecule type is hydrophobic (non-polar) and/or hydrophilic (polar)? How does this affect the behavior of the molecule?

Answer 1

1. Water is a tiny bent molecule with a molecular formula H2O. One water molecule consist of two light hydrogen atom with each 16 fold heavier oxygen atom. The hydrogen atom present in water molecule is partially positive charged and oxygen atom is partially negatively charged. Due to this charges and bent nature of molecule the centre of positive charges doesnot coinside with the centre of negative charges. Each molecule is electrically neutral bpolar, the centr is positive and negative charges located at different places. this is considered as the reason for the bent shape of water molecule. The water molecule have atotal of 10 protons and 10 electrons ie, 8 for oxygen atom and one each for hydrogen atom. From this we can say that electron spends more time with oxygen end of the molecule than hydrogen ends. This leads to the slightly negative end of the oxygen molecule

2. From our small classes we are studying that water is an essential component of life on earth because water has several properties that makes it unique among the other compounds and make it possible for all forms of known life to function. Some of its unique characteristics include density, high specific heat, cohesion, adhesion, and its solvent abilities.

• Cohesion creates surface tension which is why if you fill a spoon with water, drop by drop the water volume will actually bigger than spoon's surface before the water falls off.
• High heat capacity allows the temparature of water in a pond to stay relatively constant from the day to night, regardless of the changing atmospheric temparature.
• Water has aunique ability to dissolve many polar and ionic substances beacause of this property when water travels through the water cycle, it takes many nutrients along with it which are essential for the living things.

3. In simple words enzymes are biological molecules that speed up the chemical reactions that take place inside the cells. Enzymes are mainly made from amino acids and they are actually proteins. These are formed by stringing together 100 to 1000 amino acids in a very specific and unique manner. After this the chain of amino acids folds into a unique shape. Enyzymes are considered very important for life and serves a wide range of vital fuctions inside our body including digestion and metabolism.

Hydolysis and hydration are chemical reactions that are speed up or catalized by specific enzymes. Enzymes involved in breaking bonds are often givennames that ends with -ase

For example: the maltase enzyme that break down maltose, lipases break down lipids and peptidases break down proteins

Dehydration synthesis	Hydrolysis
Protein: 2 Aminoacids ->Dipeptide + H2O	Protein: Dipeptide + H2O -> 2 Amino Acids
Bonds are formed through the removal of water	Bonds are formed through the addition of water.

4 Denaturization is the process by which ezymes loss their cofirmational structure due to applicational force, stress, excess heat or PH level.

5. Lipids, Carbohydrates, proteins and nucleic acid. Crbohydrates are used for short energy uses.

6. Carbohydrates- monosaccharides

lips-glycerol and fatty acids

nucleic acid- nucleotide

proteins- amino acids