Question

16.

Instincts are behavioral fixed action patterns that

		require environmental input to develop.
		need to be learn from other individuals.
		respond to different kinds of stimulus or signals.
		do not vary much among individuals and require no learning.
		are not present in all individuals and require no learning.

17.

If a mother goose is sitting on her nest, which of the following is she most likely to retrieve first if found just outside her nest?

		an egg laid by another goose
		a model egg that is larger than any other object near the nest
		a model egg that is more colorful than any other object near the nest
		a beer can
		her own egg

18.

The theory of kin selection holds that an altruistic-appearing individual maximizes its own "inclusive fitness" by helping other individuals with whom it shares genetic material. In which species is such altruistic-appearing behavior most likely to evolve?

		Honey badgers, one of the few tool-using animals
		Vampire bats, which live in a large community of bats, most of which are not related
		Vampire squid, which are primarily solitary animals
		Honey bees, which live in a hive of mostly sisters from the same mother queen bee
		Red-tailed hawks, which live in male-female pairs to raise chicks and rarely interact with other hawks

Answer 1

16. Fixed Action Patterns (FAPs) are inherited behaviour of an organism and animal get such kind of behaviour from birth and they can be learnt through environmental factor and can be learnt from other individuals also. This action is triggered by a stimulus or signals (cue). Hence, most relevant statement would be “respond to different kinds of stimulus or signals”.

17. This is another famous experiment in the ethology in which mother goose retrieve an egg laid by another goose of conspecific species. They follow a specific pattern for retrieval and it would be fixed action pattern exhibited by mother goose. All other options are not relevant. The correct answer is “an egg laid by another goose”.

18. Correct answer is “Honey bees, which live in a hive of mostly sisters from the same mother queen bee”

As both having same genotype, workers get less nutrition during embryonic development i.e. Royal jelly whereas Queen gets enormous amount of Royal Jelly which make them fertile and worker sterile. Workers want to proliferate their trait through queen that is their sister also. That's why workers exhibit above mentioned behaviour.