Question

Which alcohol would react the fastest wit Lucas Reagent?: 1-pentanol, 2-pentanol, 3-pentanol or 2-methyl-2-butanol

Answer 1

Lucas test in alcohols is a test to differentiate between primary, secondary, and tertiary alcohols. It is based on the difference in reactivity of the three classes of alcohols with hydrogen halides via an S_N1 reaction

ROH + HCl → RCl + H₂O

The differing reactivity reflects the differing ease of formation of the corresponding carbocations. Tertiary carbocations are far more stable than secondary carbocations, and primary carbocations are the least stable.

An equimolar mixture of ZnCl₂ and HCl is the reagent. The alcohol is protonated by this mixture, and H₂O group attached to carbon is replaced by the nucleophile Cl⁻, which is present in excess. Tertiary alcohols react immediately with Lucas reagent as evidenced by turbidity owing to the low solubility of the organic chloride in the aqueous mixture. Secondary alcohols react within five or so minutes (depending on their solubility). Primary alcohols do not react appreciably with Lucas reagent at room temperature.^[3] Hence, the time taken for turbidity to appear is a measure of the reactivity of the class of alcohol, and this time difference is used to differentiate among the three classes of alcohols:

1. no visible reaction at room temperature and forming an oily layer only on heating: primary, such as 1-pentanol
2. solution forms oily layer in 3–5 minutes: secondary, such as 2-pentanol
3. solution forms oily layer immediately: tertiary, such as 2-methyl-2-butanol or 3-pentanol