I'm having trouble distinguishing which of the interest rates, either nominal or real, central banks are able to control directly. Expanding on that, is there a difference between monetary policy's impact on short and long-run interest rates? I understand that monetary policy can control short-run nominal interest rates, but is the same true for long-run nominal interest rates? Do central banks have any control over real interest rates or only nominal? I am so confused.

Essentially, what are the differences between these four types of interest rates:

1. Short-Run Nominal Interest Rates

2. Long-Run Nominal Interest Rates

3. Short-Run Real Interest Rates

4. Long-Run Real Interest Rates

And which are controlled by monetary policy?

If this seems all over the place and incomprehensible, then I would appreciate a general explanation of monetary policy with respect to nominal and real interest rates if possible!

Explain a situation you have observed (or read about) in which a firm made a decision considering irrelevant costs or did not consider relevant costs. What was the outcome of the decision, and what could have been done differently?

Determine the profit maximizing quantity and profit levels; and then graph (in general form) the outcomes for the production function ( standard form with q(K,L) curve ) , cost/revenue functions (with MC, AC, and P curve/line) and profit function ( profit (q) curve ) for the following all graphs have to display q*: 1. C(q)=1000+q^2, P=10000 2. C(q)=1000+4q^3, P=10000 3. C(q)=1000+q^1.5, P=10000 4. Explain the differences between your outcomes and give a plausible reason for the difference between 1 & 2 and then for 1 & 3. Specifically: what changed, what didn't, what the effects are, and why.

How methods of data collection and analysis jeopardise external validity ?

b. What factors shift AS and AD curves? How do you explain macroeconomic fluctuations using AS-AD models and AS/AD curves?

Use the following to answer questions 6-10:

Suppose that firms 1, and 2 are Cournot duopolists in the salt industry. The market demand curve can be specified as Q=20-p, Q=q₁₊q₂

(The firms choose their quantities simultaneously.)

The cost to firm 1 is C(q₁)=1q₁.

The cost to firm 2 is C(q₂)=2q₂.

6)   Find Firm 1 optimal production levels q1=?.

Select one:

a.
  0<q1<2

b.
2<q1<4

c.
  4<q1<6

d.
6<q1

e.
None of the above

7)    Find Firm 2 optimal production levels q2=?.

Select one:

a.
0<q2<2

b.
2<q2<4

c.
  4<q2<6

d.
6<q2

e.
  None of the above

8)   Determine the equilibrium price? (p=?)

Select one:

a.
  0<P<3

b.
3<P<4

c.
  4<P<5

d.
  5<P

e. None of the above

9) Firm 1 will earn? (pi1=?)

Select one:

a.
  0<Pi1<10

b.
  10<Pi1<20

c.
  20<Pi1<22

d.
  22<Pi1<23

e.
  None of the above

10)   Firm 2 will earn? (pi2=?)

Select one:

a.
0<Pi2<10

b.
10<Pi2<20

c.
  20<Pi2<22

d.
  22<Pi2<23

e.
None of the above

Q1. Which of the following is directly included in the U.S. GDP for 2020?

i. 2020 Cadillac Escalade produced and sold as a new car in the United States in 2020

ii. tires produced in the United States, purchased by General Motors, and installed on a new Cadillac Escalade sold in 2020

iii. General Motors cars produced in Canada because General Motors is an American corporation.

Q2. As more women decide to work outside the home and therefore hire others to work around their home, GDP will increase by

a. only the value of the output produced by the newly working women.

b. only the value of the household work they are now hiring someone to perform.

c. the value of the output produced by the newly working women plus the value of any household work they are now hiring someone to perform.

d. the value of the output produced by the newly working women minus the value of the household work they were previously performing.

Q3. The base year is 2018. A country only produces Blu-ray players. The price of a Blu-ray player in 2018 was $100. The price of a Blu-ray player was $90 in 2019. The quantity of Blu-ray players produced in 2018 was 10,000 units and in 2019 was 10,500 units. Nominal GDP in 2018 was____, real GDP in 2018 was, nominal GDP in 2019 was _____and real GDP in 2019 equals_____.

Group of answer choices

a. $1,000,000; $1,000,000; $945,000; $1,050,000

b. $1,050,000; $1,000,000; $900,000; $945,000

c. $945,000; $900,000; $1,000,000; $1,050,000

d. $900,000; $945,000; $1,050,000; $1,000,000

You have just been elected president of the United States, and the present Chair of the Federal Reserve Board has resigned. You need to appoint a new person to this position, as well as a person to chair your Council of Economic Advisers. Using your knowledge of macroeconomics, identify the personal characteristics and the views on macro theory and policy you would want your appointees to have and implement.   Remember, the economic health of the entire nation and solution to keeping the economy growing will be impacted by this decision.

As you know, during the Great Recession, the Fed proposed a number of "bail out" measures to address the “great recession”. In the second part of your paper, indicate why or why not you would recommend that your new appointee use similar measures if this situation arises again. Should the Fed have a bond-buying program? Identify any new policies that you would like your candidate to follow.

What new opportunities do Artificial intelligence technologies create, and what responses are needed to ensure positive economic effects, inclusivity and equal access to benefits?

This is AI and robots related question, please explain me in details and the major points, please help, needs to understand this!