Question

1. Which of the below is not true regarding homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia (HoFH)?
   1. hoFH often carries up to a 20-fold increased risk of cardiovascular disease
   2. hoFH can usually be treated by lifestyle and statin therapy alone
   3. LDL aphresis can often dramatically lower LDL-C levels in persons with hoFH
   4. hoFH is often associated with premature heart attacks
2. Which of the following is true regarding the EMPA-REG and LEADER trials?
   1. Both trials included persons with prior cardiovascular disease
   2. EMPA-REG showed a significant reduction in heart failure hospitalization and cardiovascular mortality
   3. LEADER showed significant reductions in myocardial infarction and stroke
   4. LEADER showed a significant reduction in heart failure hospitalization
   5. Only A and B are true
   6. All of the above are true
3. What is true regarding the MESA and CARDIA epidemiologic studies of cardiovascular disease?
   1. CARDIA included a higher percentage of African-Americans than MESA
   2. MESA and CARDIA both included examinations approximately 5 years apart
   3. MESA and CARDIA both included persons with and without pre-existing coronary heart disease at baseline
   4. MESA had fewer Hispanics than CARDIA

Answer 1

A) TRUE

The risk of HOFH caries 13 fold. If there is increase more than 20 fold then increase the risk of cardio vascular because there is increase level of cholesterol, lipid which highly affect on heart function.

B) TRUE

Statin therapy is the therapy or treatment use to reduce the cholesterol level in the body. There is need to modified the life style by increasing exercise and low fat diet.

C) TRUE

Lipid apheresis is also a treatment use to reduce low density lipoprotein cholesterol in case of severe hyperlipidemia.

D) TRUE

HOFH is often associate with premature heart attack.The reason for this is because of increase cholesterol level on the body.

A) TRUE

EMPA-REG and LEADER trials included person with prior heart disease. The person is risk for heart disease. By including them in the trial, it will help to reduce the risk of heart disease and reduce the mortality.

B) TRUE

In EMPA_REG , there is inhibition of sodium glucose contraporter 2 to standard the care reduced the risk of cardiac diseases. It significantly reduce the heart failure hospitalization and mortality

C) TRUE

IN LEADER, there is used of GLP-1 ( glucogon like peptide) receptor agonist, after 12 to 18 months of trial peroid , it is found that it decrease the risk of stroke and MI. This may be because of anti atherogenic effect of GLP-1. This also help to reduce lipid level.

D) TRUE

LEADER helps to reduce the lipid level in the body. Because of maintained the lipid level leads to decrease heart failure hospitalization.

A) TRUE

CARDIA are more common than MESA . There is present of more coronary artery disease, MI, CHD are common amon the African American people.

B) TRUE

The studies was done for 5 years apart because they are doing follow up to check incidence of CVD. The data was collected at intervals of 9-12 months.

C) TRUE

They include both because it helps to understand the risk people and ill people.

D) TRUE

MESA is common in Hispanics and CARDIA in African American