Question

Antibodies are going to come in contact with an antigen and create an interaction. Please choose three and discuss what types of situations they would be present in.

Answer 1

Antigen and antibody come in contact with each other interact in small discrete areas rather than whole molecule. The region of antibody is called para top that binds to portion of the antigen known as epitope. The antigen antibody reactions are very specific in nature involve bi molecular interaction that is similar to enzyme substrate interaction. Binding between them is non-covalent and reversible in nature. In addition to to binding to the antigen antibodies participate in broad range of effective functions for the removal of antigen and death of pathogens. These effector functions are result of different interaction between antigen and antibody.

1)Immune complex formation:

Antigen react with specific antibodies to form antigen antibody complex. The immune complex formation depends upon size of complex and nature of antigen there are two types of reactions on the basis of size and nature of antigen that is when is precipitation reaction in which soluble antigen having at least two or more antigen binding sites that is epitopes bind with corresponding antibody in suitable concentration it leads to to formation of large antigen antibody complex which can be seen with naked eyes as a precipitate these reactions known as precipitation reaction. Second Complex reaction is agglutination reaction in which articulate antigen react with its complementary antibody resulting visible clumping called agglutination reaction.

2) opsonization is a process by which foreign particles organisms binds with antibody or complement protein and this binding or coating by antibody prepare them organisation and injection by phagocytic cells. Opsonizing antibodies that is IgG bytes to the Fc receptors on the surface of macrophages and neutrophils this binding provides phagocyte a method for capturing antigen.

3)Toxin neutralisation : some gram positive and negative bacteria producers extracellular toxins that are responsible for their pathogenic effects. Production of specific antibodies against these toxins help in toxin neutralization fullstop antibodies that neutralizer toxin known as antitoxin. The toxin Antibody complex is ingested by macrophages