A toroid with inner diameter of 3 cm, outer diameter of 5 cm, and height of 0.1 cm is made of a body-centered-cubic (bcc) paramagnetic material with lattice parameter equal to 0.5 nm. The toroid is wrapped by a copper wire in 20 turns. If each atom of the magnetic material has a magnetic moment of 1.5µB (Bohr Magneton), (a) (1.5 pt) What is the saturation magnetization (in A/m) of the material? (b) (1.5 pt) If a current of 2 A is flowing in the winding, what are the magnetic fields (in A/m) in the toroid along its outer and inner diameter, respectively? (c) (1.5 pt) What is the magnetic susceptibility of the material if the inner diameter region begins to saturate at 2 A? (d) (1.5 pt) What is the magnetic flux density (in Tesla) along the outer diameter when the inner diameter is saturated at 2 A as in (c)?

Use the band structure diagram for each element below to explain:

a. Sodium, which has two atoms in a bcc (conventional cubic) unit cell, is a metal;

b. Calcium, which has four atoms in a fcc (conventional cubic) unit cell, is a metal;

c. Diamond, which has eight atoms in a fcc (conventional cubic) unit cell with a basis, is an electrical insulator, whereas silicon and germanium, which have similar structures, are semiconductors. Why is diamond transparent?

Consider two point charges located on the x axis: one charge, q1 = -13.0 nC , is located at x1 = -1.715 mm ; the second charge, q2 = 33.5 nCnC , is at the origin (x = 0).

What is (Fnet3)x the x-component of the net force exerted by these two charges on a third charge q3 = 50.5 nC placed between q1 and q2 at x3 = -1.075 mm ?

Your answer may be positive or negative, depending on the direction of the force.

A black hole with a mass of 10 9 M Sun brightens rapidly and increases its luminosity by a factor of two. Approximately how long would it take for an observer on Earth to see the black hole reach its maximum brightness?

a. 3 weeks b. 3 minutes c. 3 days d. 3 hours

Please briefly answer all the questions below ,and writing those more clearer and tidier (It is best to use typing)

1. This is a problem related to the spectroscopy.
   1. Please describe two different spectroscopic methods that use lasers as the light source.
   2. Applying conventional spectroscopy to nanoscale research usually suffers with low signal-to-noise ratio. Can you describe the practice(s) being used to overcome this difficulty and explain why it works?

The only visible spectral lines of hydrogen are the four Balmer series lines (transitions to n=2). We wish to cause hydrogen gas to glow with all its characteristic visible colors.

a) To how high an energy level must the electrons be excited?

b) Energy is absorbed in collisions with other particles. Assume that after absorbing energy in one collision, an electron jumps down through lower levels so rapidly so that it is in the ground state before the collision occurs. If an electron is to be raised to the level found in part (a), how much energy must be available in a single collision?

c) If such energetic collisions are to be effected simply by heating a gas until the average KE equals the desired upward energy jump, what temperature would be required?

Please briefly answer all the questions below ,and writing those more clearer and tidier (It is best to use typing)

1. This is a problem related to the transmission electron microscopy (TEM)

1. Please describe the spherical aberration and chromatic aberration. Please quantitatively compare the aberration coefficients with respect to the wavelength for the electron and optical microscopes.
2. Please describe the Abbe Theory of Microscope.
3. Please describe the Bright field and Dark field imaging and atomic resolution imaging (Hint: Using the Fourier Synthesis point of view)

The amount of spreading of light after it goes through an opening

a. would be larger if the opening got narrower, just as would happen to sound.

b. the amount of interference after two slits that are as wide as this opening.

c. predicted by the law of refraction applied to openings instead of materials.

d. is independent of the width of the opening and dependent on the wavelength of light.

e. is independent of the wavelength of light and depedent on the width of the opening.

The inability to distinguish two distant light sources looked at through a circular aperture is due to

a. the diffraction pattern of light going past the edges of the circular aperture.

b. a well-known flaw in the psychological perception of distant light.

c. the multiple refractions the two light rays experience on their path to the observer.

d. the excessive nearsightedness of the observer looking through the aperture.

e. the destructive interference of the two light waves before they reach the aperture.

How does optical tweezer relate to force and flow?

please i need specific answer for each part not from google and no handwritten.

Partitions

Show that the number of partitions of an integer n into summands of even size is equal to the number of partitions into summands such that each summand occurs an even number of times.

A mirror creates an image that has a height of 2.50 cm that is behind the mirror and 167 cm from the object.The image was created from a 5.00 cm tall object. What is the focal length of the mirror?

A non-conducting spherical shell of inner radius R1 and outer radius R2 contains a uniform volume charge density p through the shell. Use Gauss's Law to derive an equation for the magnitude of the electric field at the following radial distances r from the center of the sphere. Your answer should be in terms of p,R1,R2,r Eo, and pi.

a). r < R1

b.) R1 <r<2

c.) r>R2

given a diagnostic radiograph, describe how the exposure technique would be adjusted for individual changes in mAs or exposure time, kVp, grid ratio, beam collimation, SID, film-screen RS, and patient thickness