1. Suppose a researcher, interested in obtaining an estimate of the average level of some enzyme in a certain human population, takes a sample of 36 individuals, determines the level of the enzyme in each, and computes a sample mean of 22. Suppose further it is known that the variable of interest is approximately normally distributed with standard deviation of 7. Give a 94% confidence interval of population mean.
2. Suppose we find that, the average engine size in our sample of size n = 30 is 192 cubic inches, with a standard deviation of 104 cubic inches. Use these statistics to compute a 90% confidence interval of population mean, that is, the average engine size for all.
3. Suppose the Dean of our college claims that, the average GPA for all students in the college is at least 3.00, with standard deviation 0.4. However, from a class with 25 students, we find the class average GPA is 2.80. Can we reject the dean’s claim at significance level 0.05? (We conduct a hypothesis testing).

4. a). H0: mu=3.00,          Ha:

   b). Calculate test statistic, here is z-value.

   c). Find pvalue

   d). Make your decision.

How does regulation of glycolysis and gluconeogenesis overlap?

Why is it important that the regulation of glycolysis and gluconeogenesis be coordinated?

Describe the Aerobic Glycolysis and its function in the cell?

Show the math of ATP production/ consumption in glycolysis.

1. Why do ions have a difficult time getting through plasma membranes despite their small size? How are ions transported through biological membranes?
   
2. Where does the cell get energy for active transport processes?
   
3. Describe the position of the transition state on a vertical energy scale, from low to high, relative to the position of the reactants and products, for both endergonic and exergonic reactions. How do enzymes affect the energy of the reactants, product, and transition state.
   
4. Do you think that the E_A for ATP hydrolysis is relatively low or high? Explain your reasoning.

5. Explain in your own words the difference between a spontaneous reaction and one that occurs instantaneously, and what causes this difference.

6. Nearly all organisms on Earth carry out some form of glycolysis. How does this fact support or not support the assertion that glycolysis is one of the oldest metabolic pathways?

7. What is the primary goal of glycolysis and the citric acid cycle (think about what is being produced and what it is used for)?
   
8. Why is it important to have regulatory control over metabolic pathways like glycolysis?

Which if the following statements about weak acids is correct?

Weak acids always contain C atoms

The percentage dissociation for weak acids is usually in the range if 40-60 percent

Weak acids molecules readily lose only a small percentage of their acidic hydrogen atoms

more than one correct response

No correct response

Condsider five conditions of some enzyme(s) with the following Lineweaver-Burk equations.

A) y = 1x + 0.25

B) y = 0.25x + 0.25

C) y = 1x + 1

D) y= 1x + 4

E) y= 0.25x + 1

i) Which set of conditions demonstrates the enzyme that is least able to form the ES complex easily?

v) Which pair of sets of conditions would represent an enzyme with and without a competitive inhibitor?

vi) Which pair of sets of conditions would represent an enzyme with an without a noncompetitive inhibitor?

vii) Which pair of sets of conditions would represent an enzyme in the presence of an allosteric activator and in the presence of an allosteric inhibitor?

viii) Which set of conditions demonstrates the enzyme with the lowest k1?

ix) Which set of conditions shows an enzyme with equal values for Vmax and Km?

x) Which set of conditions shows an enzyme with a specific constant of 1?

1. Which of the following would be consumed in a lacto-ovo vegetarian diet?

1. Vegetables, fruits, beans, grains, nuts and seeds
2. Vegetables, fruits, seeds, milk, poultry, seafood and eggs
3. Vegetables, fruits, seeds, nuts, eggs and poultry
4. Vegetables, fruits, seeds, milk and eggs

2. All of the following are reasons people choose a vegetarian or vegan lifestyle EXCEPT:

1. Concern for animals
2. Religious reasons
3. Desire for improved health
4. Desire to gain weight

3. All of the following are health benefits associated with a vegan or vegetarian diet EXCEPT:

1. Lower risk of certain cancers
2. Lower risk of digestive disorders
3. Lower risk of obesity
4. Lower risk of diabetes

4. Some plant-based foods naturally contain _____, which reduce the risk of chronic disease.

1. amino acids
2. phospholipids
3. phytochemicals
4. essential minerals

5. A _____ diet consists of only plant-based foods and includes no animal products.

1. lacto-vegan
2. vegetarian
3. lacto-ovo vegetarian
4. vegan